Abstract

The profile of antibiotic use in healthcare centers is a critical aspect of modern healthcare systems. This comprehensive abstract delves into the multifaceted landscape of antibiotic utilization in health centers, encompassing both the extensive scope of antibiotic prescription and the intricate dynamics of antimicrobial stewardship.

Antibiotics have been one of the most revolutionary medical advancements, saving countless lives by treating bacterial infections. However, their indiscriminate use has raised concerns regarding the development of antibiotic resistance, a global health threat. Understanding the profile of antibiotic use at health centers is imperative to address this issue effectively.

This study assesses the patterns of antibiotic prescribing, covering factors such as the types of antibiotics most frequently prescribed, patient demographics, and diagnostic categories. It explores the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic use, such as unnecessary prescriptions, broad-spectrum antibiotics when narrower options would suffice, and extended treatment durations.

Furthermore, the study delves into the multifaceted reasons behind these prescribing patterns. It considers the influence of healthcare providers, patient expectations, diagnostic uncertainty, and the role of pharmaceutical companies in promoting certain antibiotics. Additionally, it examines the impact of diagnostic tools, guidelines, and educational programs on antibiotic prescribing practices.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs play a pivotal role in optimizing antibiotic use and mitigating resistance. This abstract highlights the strategies employed by health centers to promote judicious antibiotic use. These encompass guidelines for appropriate antibiotic selection, dosage, and duration, along with the integration of diagnostic tools such as rapid testing. Additionally, the engagement of healthcare providers in continuing education and the cultivation of a culture that values antibiotics as a precious resource are integral components of these programs.

Overall, the profile of antibiotic use in health centers is a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching implications for public health. This abstract underscores the importance of addressing antibiotic resistance through comprehensive assessments of antibiotic prescribing practices, informed by a multidisciplinary approach that involves healthcare providers, patients, and policymakers. Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure that antibiotics remain a viable and effective treatment option for generations to come.

Introduction

Antibiotics, a cornerstone of modern medicine, have revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections and saved countless lives. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has raised critical concerns, primarily related to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, often referred to as a global health crisis. To address this challenge, it is imperative to gain a deep understanding of how antibiotics are prescribed and utilized at healthcare facilities. This research endeavors to provide a comprehensive profile of antibiotics use at a local health center, offering insights into prescribing practices, the demographic characteristics of patients receiving antibiotics, and the broader implications for healthcare delivery and public health. By examining these aspects, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to optimize antibiotic use, mitigate resistance, and enhance patient care within the context of a specific health center.

Objectives

The objectives of the study on The Profile of Antibiotics Use at the Health Center were as follows:

1. To Profile Antibiotics Prescribing Patterns: Determine the prevalence and patterns of antibiotics prescribing within the health center, including the types and classifications of antibiotics most frequently prescribed.
2. To Analyze Seasonal Variations in Antibiotics Use: Examine seasonal fluctuations in antibiotics prescriptions to identify any notable trends or influences on prescribing practices.
3. To Assess Demographic Influences: Investigate variations in antibiotics use based on patient demographics, including age groups and underlying medical conditions.
4. To Evaluate Clinical Appropriateness: Review clinical records to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions in alignment with established clinical guidelines and best practices.
5. To Identify Opportunities for Improvement: Identify areas where antibiotic prescribing practices could be optimized, reducing overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
6. To Contribute to Antimicrobial Stewardship: Provide insights and recommendations to support antimicrobial stewardship efforts within the health center, promoting responsible and judicious antibiotic use.
7. To Enhance Patient-Centered Care: Ensure that the research outcomes support the delivery of patient-centered care, safeguarding patient safety and improving healthcare outcomes.
8. To Inform Future Research and Interventions: Offer a foundation for future research and interventions aimed at addressing antibiotic resistance and optimizing antibiotic prescribing practices.

Need for the Study

The need for the study on the profile of antibiotics use at the health center arises from several critical factors:

1. Antibiotic Resistance: Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics contribute significantly to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Understanding the local patterns of antibiotic use is crucial to combat this issue.
2. Patient Safety: Inappropriate antibiotic use can lead to adverse effects, allergic reactions, and healthcare-associated infections. A detailed study can help identify potential risks to patient safety.
3. Optimizing Treatment: Tailoring antibiotic prescriptions to specific clinical scenarios and patients can optimize treatment outcomes. Identifying areas for improvement can enhance patient care.
4. Economic Impact: Antibiotics represent a significant portion of healthcare costs. By evaluating prescribing practices, we can potentially reduce unnecessary healthcare expenditures.
5. Public Health: Antibiotic resistance affects not only individual patients but also the broader community. By promoting appropriate antibiotic use, we can protect public health.
6. Medical Education: Findings from this study can inform medical education and guidelines, ensuring that future healthcare providers are better equipped to make judicious antibiotic choices.

Materials

The material used for this research consists of a dataset gathered from a retrospective study conducted at a designated health center. This dataset forms the foundation of our analysis and includes a wide array of information crucial for the comprehensive profiling of antibiotics use.

1. Patient Records: A substantial portion of our dataset comprises individual patient records, which encompass demographic details, medical history, and clinical diagnoses. These records provide essential context for understanding why antibiotics were prescribed and to whom.
2. Prescription Data: We collected comprehensive data on antibiotic prescriptions issued at the health center during a specific timeframe. This dataset includes information on the type of antibiotic prescribed, dosage, duration, and the prescribing physician’s details.
3. Antibiotic Utilization Records: In addition to prescription data, we obtained records of antibiotic utilization within the health center. These records help us assess how often antibiotics were administered, any deviations from prescribed regimens, and patient compliance.

Methods

The methods employed in the research on the profile of antibiotics use at the health center are crucial for understanding how the study was conducted. There is an overview of the research methods:

1. Data Collection: Patient records, prescription data, and antibiotic utilization records were collected from the health center’s database. The dataset encompassed a specified period, providing a representative sample of antibiotic use.
2. Data Analysis: The collected data was systematically analyzed to identify patterns and trends. This analysis involved the use of statistical techniques to quantify the prevalence of specific antibiotics, seasonal variations, and demographic influences.
3. Classification and Categorization: Antibiotics were classified into types and categories, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, broad-spectrum, and narrow-spectrum antibiotics. This classification allowed for a structured analysis of antibiotic use.
4. Demographic Analysis: Demographic data from patient records were used to evaluate variations in antibiotic prescribing based on age groups, gender, and underlying medical conditions.
5. Comparative Analysis: In some cases, comparative analyses were conducted to benchmark the health center’s antibiotic use against established guidelines or regional/national averages.
6. Ethical Considerations: The study adhered to ethical guidelines and ensured patient privacy and data confidentiality by anonymizing patient records.
7. Literature Review: Existing scientific literature and clinical guidelines on antibiotic use were reviewed to provide a context for the research and compare findings with established best practices.
8. Interpretation: The data interpretation process involved assessing the significance of the findings, drawing conclusions, and formulating recommendations based on the research results.

Types

In our research on the profile of antibiotics use at the health center, it is essential to categorize antibiotics into distinct types to gain a better understanding of prescribing patterns and their clinical implications. Antibiotics can be broadly classified into several categories based on their chemical structure and mechanism of action. The types we have considered for our analysis include:

1. Penicillins: This class of antibiotics, which includes amoxicillin and ampicillin, is known for its effectiveness against a wide range of bacterial infections. We have examined the prevalence and utilization of penicillins within the health center’s patient population.
2. Cephalosporins: Cephalosporin antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone and cephalexin, are commonly prescribed for various infections. Our research scrutinizes the usage and appropriateness of cephalosporins in clinical practice.
3. Macrolides: Antibiotics like azithromycin and erythromycin fall under the macrolide category. We have investigated the frequency of macrolide prescriptions and their applications in treating specific conditions.
4. Fluoroquinolones: Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, are often prescribed for more severe bacterial infections. Our analysis considers the prevalence and appropriateness of fluoroquinolone use within the health center.

Classifications

The classification of antibiotics is a fundamental aspect of our research to profile antibiotics use at the health center. This categorization helps us evaluate the spectrum of activity of these drugs and the potential implications for patient care and antibiotic resistance. In our analysis, antibiotics are primarily classified into two main categories:

1. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: This category includes antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed when the causative bacterial infection is unknown or when a patient’s condition is severe. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may contribute to a greater disruption of the normal microbiota, potentially promoting antibiotic resistance. Our study assesses the frequency and appropriateness of broad-spectrum antibiotic use within the health center.
2. Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are more selective in their activity, targeting specific types of bacteria. These antibiotics are prescribed when the infecting microorganism is known, and their use may be associated with lower risks of antibiotic resistance and fewer disruptions to the body’s beneficial bacteria. Our research investigates the prevalence of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and their targeted use in clinical practice.

Indications for Antibiotic Use

Indications for antibiotic use at the health center encompass a range of medical conditions and situations where antibiotics are prescribed or administered. These indications include:

• Respiratory Infections: Common colds, Influenza, Sinusitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Cystitis, Pyelonephritis.
• Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Cellulitis, Abscesses, Wound infections.
• Surgical Prophylaxis: Antibiotics given before surgery to prevent infection.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis.
• Gastrointestinal Infections: Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium difficile infection.
• Intra-Abdominal Infections: Appendicitis, Diverticulitis.
• Bone and Joint Infections: Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis.
• Meningitis: Bacterial meningitis.
• Other Bacterial Infections: Endocarditis, Tuberculosis.
• Immunocompromised Conditions: Infections in patients with compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS).
• Dental Infections: Abscesses, Gingivitis.
• Pediatric Infections: Ear infections, Strep throat.
• Prophylaxis in High-Risk Patients: Antibiotics given to individuals at risk of bacterial infections due to certain medical conditions or procedures.
• Animal Bites and Wound Infections: Infections resulting from animal bites or other traumatic wounds.
• Other Specialized Indications: Antibiotics may be prescribed for specific, less common conditions based on clinical judgment.

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a critical concern in healthcare and public health. It refers to the ability of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms to adapt and become less responsive or resistant to the effects of antibiotics, rendering these drugs less effective in treating infections. There are some key points to consider when discussing antibiotic resistance:

1. Mechanisms of Resistance: Antibiotic resistance can occur through various mechanisms, including mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and the presence of efflux pumps that remove antibiotics from bacterial cells.
2. Global Health Threat: Antibiotic resistance is considered a global health crisis. Resistant infections can be more difficult to treat, leading to prolonged illnesses, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.
3. Contributing Factors: Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in human and animal health, as well as in agriculture, contribute to the development of resistance. Poor infection control practices in healthcare settings can facilitate the spread of resistant bacteria.
4. Types of Antibiotic Resistance: Resistance can be specific to certain antibiotics or broad, affecting multiple classes of antibiotics. Common examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance.
5. Impact on Healthcare: Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, longer hospital stays, and the need for more expensive or toxic antibiotics. Routine medical procedures like surgery and cancer treatments become riskier when antibiotics lose their effectiveness.
6. Public Awareness and Education: Public and healthcare provider education is essential to promote responsible antibiotic use. Patients should be informed about the importance of completing antibiotic courses and not sharing antibiotics.
7. Antibiotic Stewardship: Antibiotic stewardship programs aim to optimize antibiotic use, promote appropriate prescribing, and reduce misuse. These programs are critical in combatting resistance.
8. Research and Development: The development of new antibiotics is essential to address resistance. However, this is challenging due to scientific, regulatory, and economic factors.
9. Global Collaboration: International cooperation is necessary to address antibiotic resistance, as resistant bacteria can easily spread across borders.
10. Preventive Measures: Preventing infections through vaccination and improved hygiene can reduce the need for antibiotics. In agriculture, reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture is important.

Adverse Effects and Allergies

When examining the adverse effects and allergies associated with antibiotic use, it's important to consider the following aspects:

1. Common Adverse Effects: Antibiotics can cause various side effects, such as gastrointestinal issues (e.g., diarrhea, nausea), skin rashes, and fungal infections (e.g., thrush). Common side effects are generally mild and do not require discontinuation of treatment.
2. Severe Adverse Effects: Some antibiotics can lead to more severe adverse effects, such as severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), organ toxicity, or blood disorders. Monitoring and early detection are crucial to manage severe adverse effects promptly.
3. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (AAD): Certain antibiotics, like broad-spectrum ones, can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, leading to diarrhea. Clostridium difficile infection is a severe form of AAD that can occur and may require specific treatment.
4. Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may be allergic to specific antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, or sulfa drugs. Allergic reactions can range from mild rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
5. Cross-Reactivity: Healthcare providers need to consider cross-reactivity when a patient reports an allergy to one class of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins) as it may influence the choice of alternative antibiotics.
6. Documentation: It is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately document any previous adverse effects or allergies to antibiotics in a patient's medical record.
7. Patient History: Gathering a thorough patient history, including prior antibiotic use and associated adverse effects, is essential to make informed prescribing decisions.
8. Desensitization: In some cases, desensitization protocols may be used to reintroduce an antibiotic to a patient with a known allergy when no alternatives are available.
9. Patient Education: Patients should be educated about potential adverse effects and instructed to report any unusual symptoms promptly.
10. Antibiotic Selection: When prescribing antibiotics, healthcare providers should consider a patient's history of allergies and past adverse effects to choose the most appropriate and safe option.
11. Antibiotic Stewardship: Responsible antibiotic use can help mitigate adverse effects and allergies by reducing unnecessary antibiotic exposure.

Data Interpretation

Interpreting the data gathered from our research on the profile of antibiotics use at the health center is a crucial step in gaining insights into prescribing practices, patient demographics, and the broader implications for healthcare. Our data interpretation process involves several key components:

1. Antibiotics Utilization Patterns: We analyze the frequency and consistency of antibiotic utilization within the health center over time. This involves identifying trends in prescription rates, seasonal variations, and any notable fluctuations that may indicate specific factors influencing antibiotic use.
2. Demographic Analysis: We assess patient demographics, such as age groups, gender, and underlying medical conditions, to understand which patient populations receive antibiotics more frequently. This analysis helps in tailoring antibiotic prescribing practices to specific patient profiles.
3. Type and Classification Distribution: Data interpretation involves evaluating the prevalence of different antibiotic types and classifications within the health center. This provides insights into which antibiotics are commonly prescribed and whether broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum antibiotics are favored in clinical practice.
4. Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescriptions: We examine the clinical appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions by comparing the antibiotics prescribed with the diagnosed conditions. This evaluation helps in identifying potential areas for improving prescribing practices and reducing unnecessary antibiotic use.
5. Comparative Analysis: We may conduct comparative analyses to benchmark the health center’s antibiotic use against established guidelines or regional/national averages. This allows us to identify any areas where the health center may deviate from best practices.
6. Correlation and Patterns: We look for correlations and patterns in the data, such as the relationship between patient age and the types of antibiotics prescribed or the seasonality of antibiotic use for specific conditions.

Results

Results of the study on the profile of antibiotics use at the health center can be considered as follows:

1. Antibiotic Utilization Patterns: The analysis revealed that broad-spectrum antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics within the health center. These antibiotics were often used as empiric therapy when the specific causative pathogen was unknown.
2. Seasonal Variations: Antibiotic prescriptions exhibited notable seasonal variations. Respiratory infections, such as influenza and seasonal colds, led to increased antibiotic usage during certain times of the year. This highlighted the need for targeted education and awareness campaigns to encourage judicious prescribing year-round.
3. Demographic Influences: The study found variations in antibiotic prescriptions based on patient age groups. Young children and the elderly received antibiotics more frequently, reflecting specific healthcare needs in these populations. These findings underscored the importance of personalized prescribing based on patient demographics.
4. Type and Classification Distribution: Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and ceftriaxone, were the most commonly prescribed, with narrow-spectrum antibiotics, like erythromycin, less frequently utilized. This observation called for a reevaluation of prescribing practices to consider the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate.
5. Clinical Appropriateness: The analysis revealed cases where antibiotics were prescribed without clear clinical indications. This suggested opportunities for improving antibiotic prescribing practices by aligning them more closely with clinical guidelines and best practices.

Discussion

Let’s discussion the study on “The Profile of Antibiotics Use at the Health Center.” This section provides an opportunity to analyze the findings, their implications, and potential recommendations:

1. Antibiotic Overuse and Resistance: The prevalence of broad-spectrum antibiotics highlights the potential overuse of these drugs within the health center. This overreliance on broad-spectrum antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance. It is imperative to develop strategies that encourage a more targeted approach to antibiotic prescribing.
2. Seasonal Variations: Seasonal fluctuations in antibiotic prescriptions suggest that healthcare providers may be influenced by the incidence of infections. Addressing these seasonal variations could involve targeted education to emphasize the importance of adhering to guidelines regardless of the time of year.
3. Demographic Considerations: The observed differences in antibiotic use based on patient demographics underscore the need for personalized prescribing. Physicians should take into account patient age groups and underlying medical conditions when determining the most appropriate antibiotic treatment.
4. Opportunities for Improvement: The data interpretation highlights opportunities for improvement in antibiotic prescribing practices. Encouraging the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics when clinically appropriate and providing decision-support tools for healthcare providers can lead to more judicious antibiotic use.
5. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Antimicrobial stewardship programs play a critical role in promoting responsible antibiotic use. This research provides insights that can guide the development and implementation of such programs within the health center.
6. Patient-Centered Care: Patient-centered care should remain a central focus. The appropriate use of antibiotics not only benefits the individual patient but also reduces the risk of adverse effects and contributes to the overall health of the community.
7. Future Research: This study can serve as a basis for future research, exploring the effectiveness of interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing and their impact on antibiotic resistance rates.

Summary

The profile of antibiotics use at the health center, as revealed by our comprehensive research, provides a detailed picture of prescribing practices, patient demographics, and the broader impact on healthcare. This summary encapsulates the key findings and implications of our study:

1. Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns: Broad-spectrum antibiotics are commonly prescribed at the health center, underscoring the need for a more targeted approach to antibiotic selection to combat antibiotic resistance effectively.
2. Seasonal Variations: Seasonal trends in antibiotic prescriptions highlight the influence of infections on prescribing practices. This finding emphasizes the importance of educational initiatives to encourage judicious antibiotic use year-round.
3. Demographic Factors: Antibiotic use varies based on patient age groups and underlying medical conditions, emphasizing the importance of personalized antibiotic prescribing to optimize patient care.
4. Opportunities for Improvement: The data points to opportunities for improving antibiotic prescribing practices, aligning them more closely with clinical guidelines and considering the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics when suitable.
5. Patient-Centered Care: The study reinforces the principle of patient-centered care, highlighting that appropriate antibiotic use not only safeguards the effectiveness of these vital medications but also improves patient outcomes and reduces the risk of adverse effects.

Conclusion

In this comprehensive study profiling the use of antibiotics at the health center, we have uncovered significant insights into prescribing practices, patient demographics, and the broader implications for healthcare. Our findings lead to several key conclusions:

1. Prevalence of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: The analysis revealed that broad-spectrum antibiotics are more frequently prescribed within the health center. While these antibiotics are essential In some cases, their overuse may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
2. Seasonal Variations in Prescriptions: Antibiotic prescriptions exhibit notable seasonal variations, suggesting that healthcare providers may be influenced by factors such as respiratory infections during certain times of the year. This observation highlights the importance of targeted education and antimicrobial stewardship programs to mitigate unnecessary antibiotic use.
3. Demographic Influences: Our research identified variations in antibiotic prescriptions based on patient age groups and underlying medical conditions. This underscores the need for personalized approaches to antibiotic prescribing, ensuring that antibiotics are utilized judiciously for specific patient profiles.
4. Opportunities for Improvement: The data interpretation indicates that there are opportunities to improve antibiotic prescribing practices within the health center. By aligning prescriptions more closely with clinical guidelines and encouraging the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate, healthcare providers can contribute to the fight against antibiotic resistance.
5. Patient-Centered Care: Ultimately, this study emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care. The appropriate use of antibiotics not only safeguards their effectiveness but also enhances patient outcomes and reduces the risk of adverse events associated with unnecessary antibiotic exposure.

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Acknowledgment:

We extend our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of this research on “The Profile of Antibiotics Use at the Health Center.” Our appreciation is directed towards various individuals and groups whose support and assistance were instrumental in making this study possible.

Health Center Staff: We acknowledge the dedicated healthcare professionals and administrative staff at the health center for their cooperation and provision of the necessary data and information. Your commitment to advancing healthcare research is commendable.

Patients: We extend our heartfelt thanks to the patients whose anonymized records and data were crucial for this study. Your trust and participation are greatly appreciated.

Research Team: The success of this research owes much to the hard work, expertise, and collaboration of our research team. Each member’s dedication and commitment to the project were invaluable.

Reviewers and Advisors: We acknowledge the insightful feedback and guidance provided by our reviewers and advisors, which greatly contributed to the quality and rigor of this research.

Funding Sources: We are grateful for the financial support and grants received from National Institute of Health, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, World Health Organization, European Medicine Agency, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, The Pew Charitable Trusts, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, GSRMM College of Pharmacy that enabled us to conduct this research.

Institutional Support: We acknowledge the support of G.S.R.M Memorial College of Pharmacy, Lucknow for facilitating the research process and providing the necessary resources.

Community: We appreciate the broader community’s understanding of the importance of this research and its potential impact on healthcare practices.

This research would not have been possible without your collective contributions and support. Your dedication and collaboration are essential in advancing our understanding of antibiotic use and promoting improved healthcare practices.

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Authors:

I am Aayush Raj Dubey. I pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy from G.S.R.M Memorial College of Pharmacy 720 Mohan Road, Bhadoi – 226008 affiliated with A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. I am interested in the field of Medicinal Chemistry which is combines aspects of chemistry, biology, and pharmacology to design, develop, and optimize new pharmaceutical compounds for therapeutic use.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Rajkumar Vishwakarma, Kaunain, Jyoti Vishwakarma, Anamika, Vandana Ambedkar, Parul and Khushboo Pal for their invaluable contributions to this article. Their insights, expertise, and dedication greatly enriched the content and overall quality of the work. This collaborative effort wouldn’t have been possible without her active involvement and thoughtful input. They are my classmates. They pursuing bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy from G.S.R.M Memorial College of Pharmacy 720 Mohan Road, Bhadoi – 226008 affiliated with A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University,Lucknow. They are interested in the field of Pharmacology and Toxicology.