1. Historical and Political Context:

India's history and political landscape, particularly in regions like Jammu & Kashmir, have played a significant role in the rise of terrorism. The unresolved Kashmir conflict, ongoing since the partition in 1947, has been a major source of instability. The region has witnessed territorial disputes, political unrest, and repeated military confrontations between India and Pakistan, which have created a fertile ground for extremist ideologies to thrive. Additionally, internal political challenges, such as corruption, weak governance, and discrimination, have further fueled discontent and radicalization, allowing terrorist groups to exploit grievances and gain support among local populations. Historical Conflicts and Border Issues:

The Kashmir conflict is a long-standing territorial dispute between India and Pakistan that has significantly contributed to cycles of violence and terrorism in the region. This issue traces back to the partition of British India in 1947, when the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was given the choice to join either India or Pakistan. The state's decision to accede to India led to several wars and continuous tensions between the two countries.

In recent years, the situation has remained volatile. For instance, on April 22, 2025, a terrorist attack in the Baisaran Valley near Pahalgam resulted in the deaths of 26 individuals, mostly Hindu tourists. The group responsible, The Resistance Front, is linked to the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba. India accuses Pakistan of supporting such groups, while Pakistan denies involvement. This attack has escalated tensions, leading to diplomatic crises, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and the closure of borders and airspace between the two nations.

The region's complex history, combined with ongoing political and territorial disputes, continues to fuel cycles of violence and terrorism. Efforts to resolve the conflict have been challenging, with both countries maintaining firm stances on their territorial claims. The situation remains a significant concern for regional stability and international peace.

Political Instability and Fragmentation:

Political instability, corruption, and fragile governance structures in some regions of India have been significant factors contributing to extremism and support for violent groups. These issues create environments where grievances can fester, and extremist ideologies can take root.

In 2025, incidents such as the Pahalgam attack in Kashmir, which resulted in the deaths of 26 individuals, primarily tourists, highlight how political instability can exacerbate tensions. The attack led to widespread anger and calls for retaliation, with some accusing neighboring Pakistan of supporting the insurgents. In response, the Indian government launched a severe crackdown in the region, including detaining over 1,500 people and demolishing homes of alleged militants. While these measures aim to dismantle terrorist infrastructure, they have also raised concerns about collective punishment and the alienation of local populations .

Corruption further complicates the situation. In regions where governance is weak, corrupt practices can undermine trust in authorities and hinder effective law enforcement. This environment allows extremist groups to exploit local grievances, recruit members, and operate with relative impunity. The lack of accountability and transparency in governance structures makes it challenging to address the root causes of extremism effectively.

Moreover, fragile governance structures often struggle to provide basic services and security, leading to feelings of neglect and marginalization among communities. This sense of injustice can make individuals more susceptible to extremist ideologies that promise change or retribution. The combination of political instability, corruption, and weak governance creates a volatile environment where extremism can thrive.

Addressing these issues requires comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and ensuring that all communities feel represented and protected. Without such efforts, the cycle of extremism and violence is likely to continue, undermining national security and social cohesion.

Impact of Partition and Communal Tensions:

The legacy of India’s 1947 partition continues to influence the nation’s social and political landscape, contributing to communal tensions and, at times, radicalization. The division of British India into India and Pakistan led to large-scale violence, displacement, and deep-seated mistrust between religious communities, particularly Hindus and Muslims. This historical trauma has left enduring scars, with memories of violence and loss shaping inter-community relations.

In recent years, these historical wounds have been reignited by various incidents. For instance, the 2025 Pahalgam attack in Kashmir, where 26 people were killed, primarily targeted Hindu tourists, exacerbating religious tensions and leading to calls for retaliation against Pakistan. Such events often stir nationalist sentiments and can marginalize Muslim communities, leading to increased scrutiny and suspicion.

Additionally, legislative actions like the Waqf (Amendment) Act of 2025 have sparked protests, particularly among Muslim communities who view the law as discriminatory. Violent demonstrations in regions like Murshidabad have resulted in fatalities and displacement, highlighting the fragile communal harmony and the potential for radicalization when communities feel threatened or marginalized.

These recurring cycles of tension, often rooted in historical grievances and exacerbated by contemporary political actions, underscore the challenges India faces in fostering inclusive national unity. Addressing these issues requires a nuanced understanding of history, a commitment to equitable governance, and efforts to build inter-community trust to prevent the rise of extremism.

2. Religious and Ideological Factors :

Religious and ideological factors have significantly contributed to the rise of terrorism in India, where extremist groups often manipulate religious beliefs to recruit followers. In Kashmir, for example, some militant groups exploit Islamic radicalism, framing their cause as a fight against perceived oppression. Similarly, Hindu nationalist ideologies have been used to justify violent actions by certain groups. These ideologies, when distorted, offer individuals a sense of purpose and belonging, fueling violence and exacerbating religious tensions. The misuse of religious sentiments by terrorist groups creates deep divides, further intensifying the challenges of achieving peace and stability.

Religious Extremism: 

Religious extremism in India, whether stemming from Islamic radicalism, Hindu nationalism, or other ideologies, has been manipulated to recruit and radicalize individuals, often exploiting social tensions and historical grievances.

In 2025, incidents like the deadly attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, where 26 people were killed, primarily Hindu tourists, have intensified religious tensions. The attackers, suspected to be linked to Pakistan-based groups, targeted individuals based on their religion, fueling anti-Muslim sentiments across India. This has led to retaliatory measures, including mass detentions and demolitions in Kashmir, raising concerns about collective punishment and further alienation of local communities.

Simultaneously, the rise of Hindu nationalism has also contributed to radicalization. The release of the film "Chhaava," portraying historical HinduMuslim conflicts, has been praised by political leaders and has sparked significant communal tensions. This narrative shift, emphasizing historical grievances, has led to increased anti-Muslim sentiment and violence, including demands for the removal of Muslim historical sites. Such actions have been linked to the promotion of Hindutva ideology, which frames Muslims as outsiders and former oppressors.

These developments underscore the complex interplay between historical narratives, political agendas, and religious identities in fueling extremism. Addressing the root causes of radicalization requires a nuanced understanding of these dynamics and a commitment to fostering interfaith dialogue and social cohesion.

Sectarian Violence:

In 2025, India has witnessed a significant rise in sectarian violence, with communal riots increasing by 84% compared to the previous year. These tensions, often fueled by religious and political factors, have created an environment where extremist groups can exploit divisions for recruitment and radicalization.

A notable example is the deadly attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, on April 22, 2025, where 26 people, primarily Hindu tourists, were killed. The group responsible, The Resistance Front (TRF), initially claimed responsibility, citing opposition to Indian government policies allowing non-Kashmiris to settle in the region. Although the group later retracted its claim, the incident intensified religious tensions and led to widespread calls for retaliation against Pakistan, accused of supporting insurgents .

In West Bengal, protests against the Waqf (Amendment) Act in 2025 escalated into violent clashes, resulting in deaths and displacement. These events have been exploited by extremist groups to further their agendas, deepening communal divides and fostering an environment conducive to radicalization.

The rise in sectarian violence has not only strained inter-community relations but also posed significant challenges to national security. Extremist groups are increasingly adept at exploiting religious sentiments and political unrest to recruit individuals, particularly from marginalized communities. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening law enforcement, promoting interfaith dialogue, and implementing policies that address the root causes of communal tensions.

As India continues to grapple with these challenges, it is crucial to foster an environment of tolerance and understanding to prevent further escalation of sectarian violence and to safeguard the nation's social fabric

3. Cross-border Terrorism and External Influence:

Cross-border terrorism, primarily from Pakistan, has been a persistent issue for India, especially in regions like Jammu & Kashmir. Pakistani-based militant groups, such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad, have been accused of supporting and orchestrating attacks within India, often exploiting the Kashmir conflict. These external influences not only destabilize the region but also serve to fuel local insurgencies, with militants receiving training, weapons, and funding from across the border. The continued support for these groups by elements within Pakistan's military and intelligence services complicates India's efforts to combat terrorism and achieve lasting peace in affected areas.

Pakistan’s Role in Supporting Terrorism:

In 2025, tensions between India and Pakistan have escalated due to ongoing accusations that elements within Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies support terrorism against India, particularly in the Kashmir region.

A significant incident fueling these tensions was the attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, where 26 people, primarily Hindu tourists, were killed. Indian authorities have linked the attack to Pakistan-based militant groups, citing evidence that suggests involvement from operatives in Pakistan.

Indian officials, including Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi, have stated that a substantial proportion of terrorists active in Jammu and Kashmir are Pakistani nationals. India has also accused Pakistan of harboring UN-designated terrorist entities and supporting cross-border terrorism. In response to these allegations, Pakistan has denied involvement and called for impartial investigations. However, the situation has led to diplomatic strains, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty by India and the closure of airspace to Indian airlines by Pakistan. The international community has expressed concern over the potential for further escalation between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. Efforts to address these issues continue, with calls for restraint and dialogue to prevent further deterioration of relations.

Regional Instability and Terrorism:

In 2025, regional instability in neighboring countries, particularly Afghanistan, has significantly impacted India's security landscape. The ongoing turmoil in Afghanistan has created a conducive environment for terrorist groups, which poses a spillover threat to India.

According to the United Nations' 31st report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team, Afghanistan remains a primary source of terrorist threats for Central and South Asia. Groups such as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant-Khorasan (ISIL-K) have established a strong presence in Afghanistan, exploiting the country's instability to plan and execute attacks in the region.

The situation is further complicated by the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan. While the Taliban have pledged to prevent terrorist activities from emanating from Afghan soil, reports suggest that they struggle to control various extremist factions operating within the country. This lack of control has allowed groups like ISIL-K to flourish, increasing the risk of cross-border terrorism

India has expressed concerns over these developments, particularly regarding the potential for terrorist infiltration across its borders. The porous nature of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border and the complex geopolitical dynamics in the region make it challenging to curb the movement of extremist elements. To address these threats, India has been enhancing its border security measures and engaging in diplomatic efforts to foster regional stability. However, the persistent instability in Afghanistan continues to pose significant challenges to India's national security.

In summary, the geopolitical instability in Afghanistan in 2025 has created a haven for terrorist groups, leading to increased security concerns for India. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including regional cooperation, intelligence sharing, and sustained diplomatic engagement to promote stability and counter terrorism effectively.

4. Socio-Economic Factors:

Socio-economic factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of education, play a significant role in fostering terrorism in India. Many young people in conflict zones, especially in Kashmir and the northeastern states, face limited opportunities and are often marginalized by economic and social systems. This sense of hopelessness, combined with inadequate access to quality education, makes them more vulnerable to radical ideologies. Terrorist groups exploit these conditions, offering a sense of belonging and purpose, as well as material incentives, to recruit individuals who may feel disconnected from

Poverty and Unemployment:

In 2025, India has made significant strides in reducing extreme poverty, with the World Bank reporting that the percentage of people living below the international poverty line fell from 16.2% in 2011-12 to 2.3% in 2022-23, lifting 171 million people out of extreme poverty . However, despite these gains, economic deprivation and lack of opportunity persist, particularly in remote or conflict-ridden areas, making young people vulnerable to terrorist recruitmen.

Youth unemployment remains a pressing issue. As of early 2025, the overall unemployment rate in India stood at 7.9%, with youth unemployment at 13.3%, and even higher among those with higher education degrees—29% of them are still seeking jobs . This disconnect between education and employment opportunities leads to frustration and disillusionment among young people.

In regions like Kashmir, where conflict and instability are prevalent, terrorist groups exploit these vulnerabilities. For instance, The Resistance Front (TRF), an offshoot of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, has been implicated in recruiting militants and smuggling weapons and narcotics . Such groups often target disaffected youth, offering them a sense of purpose and belonging that they struggle to find elsewhere.

Moreover, the lack of formal employment opportunities exacerbates the problem. Only 23% of non-farm paid jobs in India are formal, and most agricultural employment remains informal . This informality leads to job insecurity and limited social mobility, further fueling the cycle of poverty and vulnerability to extremist influences.

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including creating more formal employment opportunities, especially in rural and conflict-affected areas, and implementing targeted programs to engage and empower youth. By providing young people with viable alternatives and a stake in society, India can mitigate the risk of them being drawn into terrorist activities.

Social Exclusion and Radicalization:

In 2025, India continues to grapple with the challenges of social marginalization, particularly affecting its Muslim communities. This marginalization manifests in various forms, including discriminatory laws, social exclusion, and targeted violence, which collectively contribute to feelings of alienation among Muslim youth.

Recent studies have highlighted the role of social media in exacerbating these issues. Echo chambers on platforms like Instagram and WhatsApp have been instrumental in spreading extremist ideologies, making Muslim youth in cities like Delhi more susceptible to radicalization. These online spaces often reinforce divisive narratives, further isolating individuals from mainstream society

The situation is compounded by a significant rise in hate speech and violence against minorities. Data from 2024 indicates a 74% increase in anti-minority hate speech incidents compared to the previous year, with many occurrences linked to political rallies and religious events . Such an environment fosters a sense of insecurity and disenfranchisement among marginalized groups. In response to these challenges, many Muslim families have relocated to predominantly Muslim neighborhoods seeking safety and community support. While this segregation offers a sense of security, it also limits opportunities for integration and mutual understanding between different communities .

Addressing the root causes of social marginalization is crucial for preventing youth radicalization. Efforts must focus on promoting inclusive policies, ensuring equal access to education and employment, and fostering interfaith dialogues to bridge societal divides. By creating an environment where all communities feel valued and included, India can work towards mitigating the factors that lead to radicalization.

5. Failure of Law and Order Systems:

The failure of law and order systems in certain regions of India has contributed to the rise of terrorism, as weak governance and ineffective law enforcement create opportunities for militants to operate freely. In areas like Jammu & Kashmir and parts of the Northeast, the lack of timely and accurate intelligence, corruption within local authorities, and inadequate police training have hindered efforts to prevent and respond to terrorist activities. This failure not only allows extremist groups to thrive but also undermines public trust in the authorities, making it harder to address the root causes of violence and maintain long-term security.

Weak Security and Intelligence Infrastructure:

In 2025, India's ability to effectively counter terrorism is increasingly hindered by weaknesses in its security and intelligence infrastructure. The recent terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, which resulted in 26 fatalities, underscored these vulnerabilities. Despite the heightened threat, intelligence agencies failed to prevent the attack, raising concerns about the adequacy of existing systems.

Experts argue that India's counterterrorism efforts are hampered by outdated intelligence-gathering methods and a lack of coordination among various agencies. The absence of real-time data sharing and advanced surveillance technologies makes it challenging to detect and thwart potential threats. Additionally, corruption within law enforcement agencies further complicates the situation, leading to misallocation of resources and compromised operations.

To address these challenges, there is a growing call for modernization of India's security infrastructure. Implementing artificial intelligence and machine learning tools, similar to those used by countries like Israel and the United States, could enhance predictive capabilities and improve response times. Moreover, fostering greater inter-agency collaboration and ensuring transparency in operations are crucial steps toward building a more resilient security framework.

Strengthening India's security and intelligence infrastructure is imperative to safeguard its citizens and maintain national stability. By embracing technological advancements and promoting institutional reforms, India can bolster its defenses against the evolving threat of terrorism.

Underdeveloped Regional Security:

In 2025, certain regions of India, notably Jammu & Kashmir and the Northeast, continue to grapple with challenges stemming from political neglect and weak law enforcement, creating fertile ground for terrorist groups to operate.

In Jammu & Kashmir, the recent attack in Pahalgam, which resulted in 26 fatalities, has highlighted the region's security vulnerabilities. Despite efforts to combat terrorism, such as the neutralization of 14 foreign terrorists and the dismantling of 13 terror modules in 2024 , the region remains susceptible to militant activities. The lack of robust local governance and the ongoing political tensions have hindered effective law enforcement, allowing extremist elements to exploit these weaknesses

Similarly, the Northeast region faces its own set of challenges. While there has been a reported 65% decrease in incidents of terrorism and insurgency under the current administration , underlying issues such as ethnic diversity, lack of representation, and historical grievances persist. These factors contribute to a sense of alienation among local populations, which can be exploited by terrorist groups seeking to further their agendas

Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach that includes strengthening local governance, improving law enforcement capabilities, and fostering inclusive political processes. By addressing the root causes of discontent and enhancing security infrastructure, India can work towards mitigating the influence of terrorist groups in these regions.

Criminal Networks and Terrorist Financing:

In 2025, India faces a significant security challenge as criminal syndicates involved in drug trafficking and other illicit activities collaborate with terrorist groups, facilitating funding and logistics for extremist operations.

The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) Annual Report 2023 highlights the growing concern of narco-terrorism in South Asia, noting that proceeds from drug trafficking are increasingly being used to finance terrorism and support armed groups. This trend underscores the need for coordinated efforts to disrupt the financial networks that sustain such activities.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), in its 2024 Mutual Evaluation Report, commended India for implementing an anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) framework that is achieving good results. The report noted India's effective use of financial intelligence and cooperation both domestically and internationally. However, it also emphasized the need for India to accelerate prosecutions in financial fraud cases to enhance the effectiveness of its AML/CFT measures.

To combat this nexus, India has strengthened its enforcement mechanisms. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has been actively involved in investigating and prosecuting cases related to money laundering and terrorist financing. Additionally, India has signed memoranda of understanding with various countries to enhance international cooperation in combating financial crimes.

Despite these efforts, challenges persist. The FATF has called on India to expedite prosecutions and enhance oversight of non-financial sectors to prevent misuse for terrorist financing. The complexity of financial transactions and the evolving methods used by terrorist groups necessitate continuous adaptation of India's strategies to effectively counter these threats

In conclusion, the collaboration between criminal networks and terrorist groups poses a multifaceted threat to India's national security. While significant strides have been made in combating this issue, ongoing vigilance, international cooperation, and adaptive strategies are essential to dismantle the financial networks that support terrorism.

6. Globalization and Technology:

Globalization and advancements in technology have played a dual role in the rise of terrorism in India. On one hand, globalization has facilitated the spread of extremist ideologies across borders, allowing terrorist groups to recruit and radicalize individuals through online platforms. The internet, social media, and encrypted communication tools have made it easier for these groups to disseminate propaganda and coordinate attacks. On the other hand, technological innovations have also enabled terrorists to use advanced weaponry, cyberattacks, and surveillance methods, making it more difficult for security forces to track and neutralize threats. This combination of global connectivity and technological sophistication poses new challenges to counterterrorism efforts.

Use of Social Media for Recruitment and Propaganda:

In 2025, social media continues to be a significant tool for terrorist organizations in India, facilitating the spread of extremist ideologies and recruitment of new members. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and encrypted messaging apps have become pivotal in the digital strategies of groups such as The Resistance Front (TRF) and the Islamic State – Bengal Province

In 2025, social media continues to be a significant tool for terrorist organizations in India, facilitating the spread of extremist ideologies and recruitment of new members. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and encrypted messaging apps have become pivotal in the digital strategies of groups such as The Resistance Front (TRF) and the Islamic State – Bengal Province

The TRF, a Kashmir-based militant group, has notably increased its online presence. According to Reuters, the group uses the name "Kashmir Resistance" on social media to promote violence and anti-India sentiment, aiming to recruit individuals from Jammu and Kashmir. Similarly, the Islamic State – Bengal Province has leveraged social media to spread its ideology and recruit members, particularly targeting youth in regions like West Bengal . These groups exploit the vast reach of social media to disseminate propaganda, glorify violence, and create echo chambers that reinforce extremist beliefs. The anonymity provided by encrypted communication tools further complicates efforts to monitor and counteract these activities. To combat this growing threat, Indian authorities are enhancing their digital surveillance capabilities and collaborating with international partners to track and dismantle online extremist networks. However, the challenge remains significant, requiring continuous adaptation to the evolving tactics of terrorist organizations in the digital realm.

In conclusion, while social media serves as a platform for free expression, it also poses risks when exploited by terrorist groups for recruitment and propaganda. Addressing this issue necessitates a balanced approach that safeguards digital freedoms while effectively countering online extremism.

Technological Advancements in Terrorism:

In 2025, terrorist organizations in India have increasingly adopted modern technologies, including advanced weaponry, cyberattacks, and surveillance tools, complicating efforts by authorities to prevent and respond to attacks.

Militant groups operating in regions like Jammu & Kashmir have been reported to use sophisticated weaponry such as M4 rifles, drones, and encrypted communication platforms. For instance, a militant attack in Reasi, Kashmir, involved the use of US-made M4 rifles and Chinese communication apps, highlighting the technological capabilities of these groups.

Cyberattacks have also become a significant concern. In 2024, India experienced a surge in hacktivist cyberattacks, with over 4,000 incidents targeting critical sectors like education, government, technology, and healthcare. These attacks were often politically motivated, aiming to disrupt services and spread ideological messages. The use of drones for surveillance and weapon delivery has further complicated security operations. These unmanned aerial vehicles can be used to gather intelligence and deliver explosives, posing significant challenges to traditional defense mechanisms.To counter these evolving threats, India is focusing on enhancing its technological capabilities. The Indian Military Intelligence is employing artificial intelligence and machine learning to analyze large data sets for forecasting and preventing attacks. Additionally, efforts are being made to strengthen cybersecurity measures and improve coordination among various security agencies. However, the rapid advancement of technology continues to present challenges. Terrorist groups are quick to adapt, utilizing emerging technologies to their advantage. This underscores the need for continuous innovation and collaboration to effectively combat modern terrorism.

In conclusion, the integration of advanced technologies by terrorist organizations in India necessitates a dynamic and adaptive approach to security. By leveraging technological advancements and fostering interagency cooperation, India can enhance its resilience against these complex threats.

7. Cultural and Psychological Factors:

Cultural and psychological factors play a crucial role in the rise of terrorism in India. Deep-rooted cultural and religious identities, when manipulated by extremist groups, can foster feelings of alienation and victimhood, leading individuals to seek violent means of expressing their grievances. The trauma from past conflicts, such as the Kashmir issue or communal violence, often creates a sense of injustice and revenge, which terrorist organizations exploit to recruit members. Additionally, the psychological impact of living in conflict zones, where individuals may feel powerless or disconnected, makes them more susceptible to radical ideologies that promise a sense of purpose and empowerment through violence.

Identity Crisis and Radicalization:

In 2025, India faces a growing challenge as feelings of disenfranchisement and loss of identity contribute to the radicalization of individuals, particularly among marginalized communities.

Recent events have highlighted the impact of identity crises on radicalization. In Murshidabad, West Bengal, protests against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, escalated into violence, resulting in three fatalities and significant property damage. The unrest was fueled by perceptions of marginalization and concerns over religious rights, leading to a sense of alienation among certain communities. This incident underscores how perceived threats to cultural and religious identity can drive individuals toward extremist ideologies.

Similarly, in Manipur, ethnic tensions between the Meitei and Kuki communities have intensified, with reports of violence and forced conversions. These conflicts are rooted in historical grievances and competition for resources, exacerbating feelings of insecurity and loss of identity. Such circumstances create fertile ground for radicalization, as individuals seek to reclaim their perceived rightful place in society.

Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach that includes promoting inclusive governance, fostering inter-community dialogue, and implementing community-based de-radicalization programs. Efforts in states like Kerala and Maharashtra have shown promise, demonstrating the effectiveness of sociological interventions in preventing and countering extremist behaviors.

In conclusion, the interplay between identity crises and radicalization in India highlights the need for comprehensive strategies that address the underlying causes of extremism. By focusing on inclusion, dialogue, and community engagement, India can work towards mitigating the factors that lead individuals toward radical ideologies.

Isolation of Youth:

In 2025, India's youth, particularly those in conflict-affected regions like Jammu & Kashmir and the Naxalite-affected areas of the Red Corridor, face significant challenges that contribute to feelings of alienation and susceptibility to radical ideologies.

In Jammu & Kashmir, the aftermath of the 2019 revocation of Article 370 has led to increased isolation of the youth. Prime Minister Narendra Modi acknowledged that this isolation allowed some young individuals to be "misguided, get radicalised and take to violence and terrorism". The region's prolonged conflict and political instability have created an environment where youth feel disconnected from the mainstream, making them more vulnerable to extremist narratives

Similarly, in the Naxalite-affected districts of the Red Corridor, youth face a lack of educational and employment opportunities, leading to frustration and a sense of disenfranchisement. The absence of state presence and development initiatives in these areas has allowed extremist groups to exploit the vulnerabilities of young individuals, drawing them into their fold.

The rise of online radicalization further exacerbates these issues. Intelligence reports have highlighted an increase in online content portraying conflicts in West Asia as "genocide," which has been used to radicalize youth in India. This digital propaganda targets impressionable minds, especially in areas with limited access to alternative viewpoints, fostering a sense of injustice and fueling extremist ideologies

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes enhancing educational and employment opportunities, promoting inclusive governance, and countering online radicalization through digital literacy programs. By addressing the root causes of youth alienation, India can mitigate the risks of radicalization and build a more resilient society.

8. Media and Narrative Manipulation:

Media and narrative manipulation have become powerful tools for terrorist groups in India, as they shape public perception and recruit followers. By carefully crafting their narratives, terrorist organizations portray themselves as victims of oppression, gaining sympathy and legitimacy in the eyes of certain communities. The media, at times, inadvertently amplifies these narratives through sensationalist reporting, which can glorify acts of violence and spread fear. Social media platforms further amplify extremist ideologies, providing a platform for terrorists to spread propaganda and recruit individuals. This manipulation of the media landscape complicates efforts to counter terrorism, as it blurs the line between truth and falsehood, influencing both local and international views on the conflict.

Role of Media in Amplifying Terrorist Ideologies: 

In 2025, the Indian media landscape continues to grapple with the delicate balance between reporting news and inadvertently amplifying terrorist propaganda. Sensationalist coverage, particularly during and after terrorist incidents, can sometimes serve the interests of extremist groups by spreading fear and providing them with the publicity they seek.

Historically, the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the perils of real-time, unverified reporting. During the crisis, several media outlets broadcasted live operations, inadvertently providing tactical information to the attackers and their handlers. Additionally, the rush to report led to the dissemination of inaccurate information, such as misidentifying the attackers' affiliations and nationalities, which sowed confusion and panic among the public.

In recent years, the proliferation of social media has further complicated the media's role. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp have been used by terrorist organizations to spread propaganda, recruit members, and coordinate activities. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized that the internet and social media platforms have become potent tools for terrorists to disseminate radical ideologies and conspiracy theories aimed at destabilizing societies

Moreover, the Indian government's approach to media regulation has raised concerns about press freedom. In 2023, the use of anti-terrorism laws to target journalists and media outlets critical of the government sparked debates about the potential suppression of dissenting voices. Such actions can inadvertently hinder the media's ability to report accurately and responsibly on terrorismrelated issues.

To mitigate the amplification of terrorist ideologies, media organizations in India are increasingly adopting guidelines that emphasize responsible reporting. This includes verifying information before dissemination, avoiding graphic content that could serve as propaganda, and providing context to prevent the spread of fear and misinformation. Collaborative efforts between the media, government, and civil society are essential to ensure that the public remains informed without inadvertently furthering the objectives of extremist groups.

Creation of a Victimhood Narrative:

In 2025, terrorist organizations operating in India, particularly in conflictprone regions like Jammu & Kashmir, have increasingly employed victimhood narratives as a strategic tool for recruitment and propaganda. By portraying themselves and their communities as oppressed, these groups aim to garner sympathy, justify their actions, and attract new followers.

The recent Pahalgam attack, where 26 individuals, including 25 Indian nationals and one Nepalese citizen, were killed, underscores this tactic. The group claiming responsibility, Kashmir Resistance—believed to be a front for Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba—leveraged the ensuing military crackdown by Indian forces to depict the Kashmiri Muslim population as victims of state oppression. This narrative seeks to exploit genuine grievances and fears among the local populace, potentially fueling further radicalization.

Media coverage plays a pivotal role in this dynamic. Sensationalist reporting and the use of ambiguous terminology, such as referring to attackers as "gunmen" instead of "terrorists," can inadvertently lend credence to the victimhood narrative propagated by these groups. Critics argue that such portrayals may downplay the severity of terrorist acts and obscure the perpetrators' true motives.

Furthermore, international reactions and diplomatic exchanges often become entangled in these narratives. Pakistan, for instance, has accused India of using a "worn-out narrative of victimhood" to divert attention from its own alleged human rights violations in Kashmir. Conversely, India points to admissions by Pakistani officials regarding support for terrorist groups as evidence of crossborder terrorism

To counter the manipulation of victimhood narratives, it is essential for media outlets to adopt responsible reporting practices that accurately depict events without inadvertently amplifying extremist propaganda. Additionally, addressing legitimate grievances through inclusive governance and community engagement can help mitigate the appeal of such narratives. By fostering a nuanced understanding of the complex socio-political landscape, stakeholders can work towards disrupting the cycles of radicalization fueled by manipulated perceptions of victimhood.

9. Conclusion: Multi-Dimensional Solutions: Terrorism in

India is a complex issue rooted in historical, political, social, economic, and psychological factors, and addressing it requires a multidimensional approach. Strengthening law enforcement, improving intelligence-sharing, and enhancing border security are essential steps. At the same time, long-term solutions must focus on education, economic development, and social inclusion to prevent radicalization. Promoting interfaith dialogue, countering extremist narratives online, and ensuring fair governance can help rebuild trust and unity. By combining security measures with inclusive policies and community engagement, India can work toward reducing the threat of terrorism and fostering a more peaceful and resilient society.

Enhanced Security and Intelligence Operations:

In 2025, India has intensified its counter-terrorism efforts, especially in the wake of the tragic Pahalgam attack in Jammu & Kashmir, where 26 Hindu pilgrims lost their lives. This incident, attributed to Pakistan-based militants, has prompted a comprehensive review of India's security and intelligence frameworks.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has pledged decisive action to identify and punish those responsible for such attacks, emphasizing a zero-tolerance approach towards terrorism. In response, Indian security forces have conducted extensive operations in Kashmir, leading to multiple arrests and the demolition of properties linked to suspects.

To enhance inter-agency coordination, India has been integrating advanced technologies into its security apparatus. For instance, the Mela police in Prayagraj are implementing AI-driven data analytics systems to bolster surveillance and crowd management during large gatherings like the Maha Kumbh. Additionally, the Indian Air Force's Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) is being expanded to improve real-time threat detection and response capabilities. International collaboration remains a cornerstone of India's counter-terrorism strategy. The country continues to engage with global partners to share intelligence and best practices, ensuring a united front against terrorism.

Furthermore, India is addressing emerging threats in cyberspace. The development of tools like Vastav AI, a deepfake detection system, exemplifies the nation's commitment to countering digital misinformation and cyber threats. In summary, India's multifaceted approach in 2025—combining technological advancements, inter-agency cooperation, and international partnerships—reflects its unwavering commitment to safeguarding national security and preventing future terrorist activities.

Promoting Religious Tolerance and Social Cohesion:

In 2025, India continues to grapple with the challenges of religious intolerance and social fragmentation, issues that have been exacerbated by recent events such as the tragic attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, where 26 individuals lost their lives. This incident not only intensified communal tensions but also underscored the urgent need for fostering unity among India's diverse religious and ethnic communities.

The aftermath of the Pahalgam attack saw a surge in anti-Muslim rhetoric and actions, including the demolition of homes in Kashmir and increased hostility towards Kashmiri Muslims across the country. Such responses risk alienating entire communities and can inadvertently serve the objectives of extremist groups by deepening societal divides.

To counteract these divisive tendencies, various initiatives have been undertaken to promote interfaith harmony and social cohesion. Organizations like Minhaj-ul-Quran International India have organized events such as the Mohsin-e-Insaniyat Conference in Srinagar, which emphasized the teachings of compassion and unity inherent in Islam. These gatherings aim to bridge gaps between communities by highlighting shared values and encouraging dialogue

Education also plays a pivotal role in fostering religious tolerance. By integrating curricula that emphasize respect for all faiths and cultures, educational institutions can cultivate a generation that values diversity and rejects extremist ideologies

Moreover, community engagement initiatives that bring together individuals from different backgrounds can help dismantle stereotypes and build mutual understanding. Such efforts are crucial in creating a resilient society that stands united against the threats of terrorism and communal discord. In conclusion, promoting religious tolerance and social cohesion is not just a moral imperative but a strategic necessity for India's security and unity.

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