+ Follow
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Introduction

Gender equality is the belief that all individuals, irrespective of gender, should have equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. It guarantees that everyone can fully take part in all aspects of society without facing discrimination or bias. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a foundation of a just and equitable society.

In India, achieving gender equality is significant for social justice and human rights, reflecting the country's commitment to creating a fair and inclusive society. Despite India's rich cultural heritage and constitutional provisions guaranteeing equal rights for all citizens, significant gender inequalities persist. These inequalities are evident in various areas such as education, healthcare, economic opportunities, and political representation.

India dropped two spots to 129th in 2024 from 127th in 2023 out of 146 countries, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2024. India's gender gap has shrunk by 64.1% as of 2024. [WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf]

This article evaluates the present state of gender equality in India through a thorough analysis of critical metrics like educational attainment, political representation, and workforce participation. By reviewing existing literature and performing original data analysis, the study aims to provide a holistic understanding of the challenges faced by various genders in India and identify efforts made towards achieving gender parity. The exploration of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality will offer valuable insights for readers looking to address disparities and empower all genders in Indian society.

UNDERSTANDING GENDER

Gender is a complex social construct that encompasses the roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that society deems appropriate for individuals of different gender identities, including men, women, and others.

It is important to note that gender and sex are often used interchangeably, but they actually refer to distinct concepts. Gender is an individual's personal sense of identity, while sex refers to biological and physiological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

There are three primary genders recognized in society:

  • Male: Typically associated with individuals assigned male at birth, who often exhibit traits and behaviours culturally linked to masculinity. Males usually have XY chromosomes and may conform to societal expectations of gender roles.
  • Female: Typically associated with individuals assigned female at birth, who often exhibit traits and behaviours culturally linked to femininity. Females usually have XX chromosomes and may conform to societal expectations of gender roles.
  • Third Gender: This category encompasses gender identities that do not fit within the traditional male-female binary. Individuals who identify as Transgender, Non-binary, genderqueer, or other culturally specific identities, such as hijras in South Asia, fall under this umbrella. Third-gender categories often have unique roles and recognition within different societies.

Understanding the complexities of gender is crucial for promoting inclusivity and respect for individuals of all gender identities.

KNOWING ABOUT GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Gender discrimination can be defined as the prejudicial or unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender. This discrimination often arises from societal norms, stereotypes, and expectations that dictate specific roles and behaviours for different genders. It can manifest in various forms, such as unequal access to opportunities, resources, education, employment, and decision-making power.

While gender discrimination can affect individuals of any gender, historically, women and third gender individuals have faced more severe impacts. It is essential to address and combat gender discrimination to create a more just and equal society for all.

AVENUES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION: GLOBAL AND INDIAN CONTEXT

1. Employment Discrimination: Globally, gender-based discrimination in employment remains significant. Women face unequal pay, limited opportunities for career advancement, and biased hiring practices.

    • India: Women in India earn 19% less than men on average. Additionally, the female labour force participation rate is significantly lower at 20.3%, compared to 76.1% for men. third-gender individuals, the situation is even more dire, with many unable to secure stable employment due to discrimination and stigma. 

    2. Educational Discrimination: Disparities in education access and biased treatment in academic settings are common. Gender norms often discourage girls from pursuing certain fields like STEM and boys from fashion designing.

    • Global Statistics: Around 132 million girls are out of school globally due to various barriers, including child marriage and household responsibilities.
    • India: The female literacy rate stands at 69.1 %, compared to 83.45% for males. [India: Literacy rate 1981-2022 | Statista]

    Moreover, girls are more likely to drop out due to early marriages and domestic duties. Transgender and third-gender individuals face significant barriers to education due to social stigma, discrimination, and economic challenges.

    3. Healthcare Discrimination: Healthcare systems globally often provide inequitable access and treatment to women, particularly in terms of maternal care and reproductive health.

    • Global Statistics: Women face more barriers in accessing healthcare, especially in low-income countries. Transgender have limited access to healthcare.(International Journal for Equity in Health)
    • India: India’s maternal mortality ratio is 113 per 100,000 live births. Women, especially in rural areas, have limited access to healthcare services, exacerbating disparities.

    4. Violence and Harassment: Violence against women, including harassment, domestic violence, and abuse, remains a significant concern.

    • Global Statistics: About 30% of women worldwide experience intimate partner violence. [Violence against women]
    • India: The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) shows that 30% of women aged 15-49 experience physical, sexual, or emotional violence. In 2019, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 32,033 cases of rape and 7,115 dowry deaths. Third-gender individuals are at a heightened risk of violence, often facing both physical and sexual abuse, with limited legal recourse or support systems.

    5. Legal Discrimination: Legal systems often disadvantage women, reinforcing systemic inequalities and limiting their access to justice.

    • Global Statistics: Women have only three-quarters of the legal rights afforded to men globally, with a score of 76.5 out of 100. [World Bank's Women, Business and the Law 2024 report.]
    • India: Although legal protections exist, such as the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013), enforcement remains inadequate, and many women still face workplace harassment. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, is a landmark law, but it has faced criticism for its inadequacy in addressing discrimination comprehensively. For men, certain laws, such as those concerning alimony and domestic violence, are often perceived as biased against them.

    6. Cultural and Social Norms: Deeply ingrained cultural norms and stereotypes reinforce traditional gender roles, limiting opportunities and perpetuating discrimination.

    • Global Statistics: The Global Gender Gap Report 2024 shows that the gender gap is 68.5% closed, but at the current rate, it will take 134 years to achieve full gender parity.
    • India: Social stigmas and stereotypes continue to perpetuate the idea that women should adhere to traditional roles, which limits their opportunities in education, work, and politics.

    7. Political Representation: The underrepresentation of women in political offices remains a barrier to achieving gender equality.

    • Global Statistics: Women hold only 26.1% of parliamentary seats worldwide. (IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments)
    • India: Women constitute only 14.4% of the members of the Lok Sabha, India’s lower house of Parliament, reflecting significant underrepresentation in governance. There are currently no politicians identifying as a third gender in any political party in India.

    CAUSES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN INDIA

    • Poverty: Poverty is a major driver of gender inequality. Women make up about 70% of the world’s impoverished population, according to the World Bank. In India, poverty disproportionately affects women, limiting their access to education, healthcare, and employment. This perpetuates the cycle of gender inequality, where women and girls are trapped in poor living conditions with fewer opportunities for growth.
    • Child Marriage: Child marriage is one of the key barriers to gender equality. UNICEF estimates that 12 million girls are married before the age of 18 each year globally, and India contributes significantly to this number. Early marriage hinders the education and personal development of girls, trapping them in a cycle of dependency, poor health, and lack of access to employment.
    • Educational Inequality: Lack of access to education exacerbates gender inequality. Globally, 132 million girls are out of school, according to UNESCO. In India, social norms, economic barriers, and safety concerns prevent many girls from continuing their education, especially beyond primary school. This lack of education limits their ability to gain employment and improve their social standing.
    • Social Problems and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms continue to drive gender discrimination. Societies that prioritize one gender, typically men, over others limit the opportunities for women. The prioritization of boys over girls in families leads to unequal resource distribution, from food to education. Additionally, ingrained cultural stereotypes enforce traditional gender roles, discouraging women from pursuing careers, leadership positions, or personal ambitions.
    • Social Stigma and Stereotyping: Gender stereotypes often prevent gender from attaining equal status. Social stigmas and stereotypes regarding a woman's and men’s role in the home, workplace, or public life create barriers that are difficult to overcome. Women, men and other genders who break traditional norms by not adhering to societal expectations face discrimination, harassment, and violence.

    NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

    • Economic Inequality: Gender discrimination leads to significant economic disparities, including wage gaps that limit women’s financial independence and perpetuate poverty, particularly for single mothers. The global gender pay gap results in trillions of dollars in lost economic potential. Additionally, career advancement is often restricted for women, who are underrepresented in leadership roles and boardrooms, reducing diversity in decision-making and limiting innovation within organizations.
    • Health Disparities: Gender discrimination in healthcare leads to inadequate access to essential services for women, whose health issues, such as heart disease, may be dismissed or downplayed. Additionally, societal pressures, gender-based violence, and harassment contribute to poor mental health outcomes for women and marginalized genders, resulting in higher rates of anxiety, depression, and trauma.
    • Social Injustice: Gender-based violence and harassment disproportionately affect women and third-gender individuals, creating a culture of fear and reducing their participation in public life. Educational disparities also emerge in societies where girls are denied equal access to education, resulting in long-term impacts on literacy, economic independence, and social mobility, which perpetuate poverty and social inequality.
    • Political Underrepresentation: Gender discrimination results in the underrepresentation of women and marginalized groups in political leadership, limiting their influence on policymaking. This leads to laws and policies that often fail to address critical issues like maternal health, reproductive rights, and gender-based violence. The lack of diverse leadership contributes to inequitable policy outcomes, especially in addressing gender-specific challenges.
    • Cultural Reinforcement of Stereotypes: Discrimination reinforces traditional gender roles, confining women to caregiving and domestic roles while men are seen as primary earners. This limits personal and professional growth for both genders. Furthermore, biased portrayals in media and education perpetuate stereotypes, influencing career choices, and self-perception, particularly discouraging girls from pursuing fields like STEM.
    • Reduced Social and Economic Development: Gender discrimination hinders social and economic development by excluding women and marginalized genders from fully contributing to the workforce and economy. This loss of talent and innovation slows progress and reduces economic productivity. In developing countries, the lack of opportunities for women in education and employment perpetuates cycles of poverty for entire families and communities.
    • Intergenerational Impact: Gender discrimination has profound intergenerational consequences, as children raised in discriminatory environments internalize harmful stereotypes. Girls may limit their ambitions due to societal expectations, while boys may adopt toxic masculinity. This socialization of inequality ensures that gender biases continue to affect future generations, making it difficult to progress toward true gender equality.
    • Human Rights Violations: Gender discrimination is a violation of basic human rights, leading to the systemic exclusion of women, transgender, and non-binary individuals from full participation in society. This marginalization often results in limited access to education, employment, and healthcare, and increases their vulnerability to exploitation, human trafficking, and forced labour, especially in regions with weak legal protections.
    • Global Instability: Gender inequality contributes to global instability, with societies that exhibit higher levels of gender discrimination often experiencing increased violence and unrest. The exclusion of women from decision-making also weakens responses to global challenges such as climate change, poverty eradication, and public health crises, as their perspectives and experiences are often critical to addressing these issues effectively.

    THE CONCEPT OF GENDER EQUALITY

    The concept of gender equality is the fundamental principle that all individuals, regardless of their gender, should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment in all aspects of life. It is the belief that discrimination and bias based on gender should be eliminated to ensure fairness and access to resources for everyone, including men, women, and non-binary individuals.

    Gender equality is not only a basic human right but also a crucial foundation for creating more inclusive and sustainable societies. By challenging traditional gender roles and breaking down barriers, gender equality promotes empowerment, diversity, and equitable development for all individuals.

    SIGNIFICANCE OF GENDER EQUALITY

    • Human Rights: Gender equality is a fundamental human right that ensures equal opportunities, rights, and freedoms for all individuals, regardless of gender. It eradicates discriminatory practices that hinder people, particularly women and marginalized genders, from reaching their full potential.
    • Economic Growth: The equal participation of all genders in the workforce enhances productivity and economic growth. Research indicates that empowering women economically leads to improved economic outcomes, as diverse teams bring unique perspectives and skills, fostering innovation and efficiency.
    • Social Development: Gender equality contributes to the overall well-being of communities. When women and men share household and childcare responsibilities, family structures become stronger, reducing poverty and enhancing health and education outcomes for children.
    • Political Representation: When all genders are equally represented in decision-making bodies, policies are more likely to address a wide range of societal needs. Equal representation strengthens democracy, resulting in more inclusive governance and policies that address issues such as gender-based violence, reproductive rights, and work-life balance.
    • Cultural Transformation: Achieving gender equality helps break down harmful stereotypes and cultural norms that limit individuals based on traditional gender roles. This fosters personal freedom, mental well-being, and a more inclusive society where everyone can pursue their interests and aspirations without fear of bias or restriction.
    • Sustainable Development: Gender equality is crucial for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It plays a central role in reaching goals related to poverty, health, education, and climate action, as gender inequalities often worsen the impacts of these global challenges.

    GLOBAL CONCERN AND EFFORTS FOR GENDER EQUALITY

    Gender equality is a global concern that requires concerted efforts from various stakeholders. These efforts highlight the global commitment to achieving gender equality and the importance of collaboration across various sectors to address this pressing issue.

    Here are some key global efforts and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality:

    • United Nations (UN): The United Nations (UN) has been a leader in promoting gender equality through various initiatives and frameworks, such as the Beijing Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The UN's Sustainable Development Goal 5 focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls.
    • Global Gender Gap Report: The Global Gender Gap Report, published annually by the World Economic Forum, benchmarks the progress of countries towards closing gender gaps in areas such as economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. This report helps identify effective policies and practices to promote gender equality.
    • UN Women: UN Women, as the UN entity dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women, works to eliminate discrimination against women and girls, empower women, and achieve equality between women and men as partners and beneficiaries of development, human rights, humanitarian action, and peace and security.
    • International Labour Organization (ILO): The International Labour Organization (ILO) promotes gender equality in the world of work through various conventions and recommendations, such as the Equal Remuneration Convention and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention. The ILO also works to eliminate gender-based violence and harassment in the workplace.
    •  Global Fund for Women: The Global Fund for Women supports women-led movements and organizations worldwide to advance gender equality and women's rights. It provides funding, training, and advocacy to address issues such as violence against women, economic justice, and political participation.
    • HeForShe Campaign: The HeForShe Campaign, launched by UN Women, encourages men and boys to stand in solidarity with women and girls to achieve gender equality. The campaign aims to engage men as advocates for gender equality and challenge harmful gender norms.
    • Private Sector Initiatives: Private sector initiatives are also playing a crucial role in promoting gender equality within workplaces. Many companies and organizations are implementing initiatives such as gender pay gap reporting, diversity and inclusion programs, and mentorship opportunities for women to create more equitable work environments

    GENDER EQUALITY FOR WOMEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY

    Gender discrimination against women remains a significant issue in Indian society, despite progress in legislation and social awareness. Women in India often face systemic barriers to equality, including unequal access to education, healthcare, employment, and political participation. Cultural norms, patriarchal traditions, and societal expectations continue to enforce discriminatory practices that limit women’s opportunities for advancement and personal freedom. This discrimination manifests in various aspects of life, perpetuating the gender gap and affecting women’s social status across generations.

    SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN

    The social status of women in India has historically been shaped by traditional patriarchal values that place women in subservient roles. Although ancient Indian texts and traditions offered a more equal status to women in earlier periods, over time, customs such as dowry, child marriage, and purdah (veiling) have contributed to the marginalization of women. These practices have led to the undervaluation of women’s contributions to society and restricted their rights and freedoms.

    1. Education: In many parts of India, especially in rural areas, girls still face significant barriers to accessing quality education. Preference is often given to boys, as families may prioritize sons for schooling, while girls are expected to contribute to household work. This has led to lower literacy rates among women compared to men, limiting their socio-economic mobility and perpetuating cycles of poverty.

    2. Workforce and Economic Participation: Women in India face gender discrimination in the labour market, where they often receive unequal pay for the same work as men. They are underrepresented in formal employment and leadership positions, with many restricted to low-paying, informal, or part-time jobs. Additionally, social norms expect women to shoulder the bulk of domestic and caregiving responsibilities, which limits their ability to pursue full-time careers and hinders their economic independence.

    3. Political Representation: Although women in India have the legal right to vote and participate in politics, they remain underrepresented in decision-making bodies. While some progress has been made with reservation quotas in local governance (Panchayati Raj), women are still significantly underrepresented in state and national legislatures. This lack of representation diminishes their influence in shaping policies that address gender-specific issues such as maternal health, education, and gender-based violence.

    4. Health and Healthcare Access: Gender bias in healthcare often results in women receiving inadequate or delayed treatment. This is particularly evident in reproductive and maternal health, where women may not have access to essential services, especially in rural areas. Discriminatory attitudes towards women’s health issues, such as menstrual hygiene and reproductive rights, further perpetuate health disparities.

    5. Gender-Based Violence: One of the most pervasive forms of discrimination women face in India is gender-based violence. Domestic violence, sexual harassment, honor killings, and human trafficking disproportionately affect women, creating an environment of fear and oppression. Despite legal protections like the Domestic Violence Act and recent reforms, enforcement remains weak, and many women struggle to access justice due to social stigma and legal barriers.

    6. Cultural and Social Norms: Deeply ingrained cultural norms reinforce gender roles that subordinate women. Practices like dowry, arranged marriages, and societal pressure to bear male children further diminish women’s autonomy. In some cases, women may be restricted in their mobility or decision-making power within the household, limiting their personal freedom and reinforcing patriarchal control.

    EFFORTS RAISED FOR GENDER EQUALITY FOR WOMEN

    The Indian government has implemented several initiatives and policies to promote gender India has undertaken various efforts at governmental, societal, and legal levels to promote gender equality. These initiatives address areas like education, employment, political representation, and the prevention of gender-based violence.

    1. Legal Reforms

    • The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976: Ensures equal pay for equal work for men and women.
    • The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Provides legal protection against domestic violence.
    • • The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013: Mandates a safe working environment for women and outlines mechanisms for addressing workplace harassment.
    • The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005: Grants daughters equal inheritance rights to family property.
    • The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Increases maternity leave to 26 weeks and mandates crèche facilities for women in workplaces.

    2. Government Schemes and Policies:

    • Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (2015): Aimed at addressing the declining child sex ratio and promoting the education and empowerment of girls, especially in areas with significant gender disparities.
    • Mahila E-Haat (2016): A digital platform for women entrepreneurs to promote their products and services, fostering economic independence.
    • Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (2016): Provides free LPG connections to women in rural households, improving women’s health by reducing indoor air pollution from traditional cooking methods.
    • National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): Promotes women’s participation in self-help groups (SHGs) and encourages economic activities for rural women through skill development and financial inclusion.

    3. Educational Initiatives

    • Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): A flagship program focused on universalizing elementary education, with a special focus on girls’ education.
    • Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA): Works to improve access to secondary education for girls.
    • Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV): Provides residential schooling for girls from marginalized communities in rural areas, promoting their access to quality education.
    • Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (2015): A savings scheme aimed at securing the financial future of girl children, with tax incentives for parents to save for their daughters’ education and marriage.

    4. Women’s Political Representation

    • Panchayati Raj System: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992-1993) introduced 33% reservation for women in local governance bodies like Panchayats and Municipalities, providing them with a platform to participate in decision-making processes.
    • Reservation Bill: The Women’s Reservation Bill, which proposes 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures, has been a subject of debate but reflects ongoing efforts to improve women’s political representation.

    5. Campaigns and Social Movements

    • #MeToo Movement (India): A nationwide movement that gained momentum in 2018, encouraging women to speak out against sexual harassment and workplace discrimination, raising awareness and pushing for stronger legal accountability.
    • Self-help Groups (SHGs): In rural areas, SHGs have been instrumental in promoting women’s economic empowerment and social mobility by providing financial literacy and access to microcredit.
    • HeForShe Campaign: The global UN Women’s initiative, which also has a presence in India, encourages men to actively support gender equality.

    6. Judicial Interventions

    • Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997): The Supreme Court laid down guidelines for addressing sexual harassment at the workplace, which eventually led to the creation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act in 2013.
    • Triple Talaq Ban (2017): The Supreme Court declared instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat) unconstitutional, marking a significant victory for Muslim women’s rights in India.
    • Sabarimala Verdict (2018): The Supreme Court ruled that women of all ages could enter the Sabarimala temple, striking down a long-standing tradition that barred women of menstruating age from entering the temple.

    7. Economic Empowerment Programs

    • Stand-Up India Scheme (2016): Encourages women entrepreneurs by providing bank loans between INR 10 lakh to INR 1 crore to women-led enterprises.
    • Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP): Launched by NITI Aayog, WEP aims to foster a supportive ecosystem for women entrepreneurs across India through mentorship, networking, and financial support.

    8. Media and Public Awareness

    • Awareness campaigns like "Bell Bajao" (Ring the Bell), which addresses domestic violence, and "Ladki Haath Se Nikal Jayegi" (a Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign), have been successful in raising public awareness of gender discrimination.
    • Television shows and movies that address women’s issues, such as "Dangal" and "Thappad", have influenced public discussions on gender equality and women’s rights.

    GENDER EQUALITY FOR THIRD GENDER IN INDIAN SOCIETY

    In India, the third gender (commonly referred to as transgender or hijra communities) has a long, complex history, with recognition in ancient texts but marginalization in modern society. Despite legal advancements, the third gender continues to face significant discrimination and exclusion in social, economic, and political spheres. Gender-based prejudices, combined with societal norms, restrict their opportunities, perpetuating cycles of poverty, violence, and marginalization.

    SOCIAL STATUS OF THE THIRD GENDER

    The third gender community in India has historically been both revered and ostracized. In ancient texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the third gender had a recognized role in society. However, with the advent of colonialism and the criminalization of non-binary identities, the social standing of the third gender declined significantly. In contemporary times, while some progress has been made, they are still widely marginalized.

    1. Historical Recognition and Marginalization: In pre-colonial India, third-gender individuals held specific roles in society, especially within religious and royal circles. However, during British rule, they were criminalized under laws like the Criminal Tribes Act (1871). This pushed the community into societal fringes, stigmatizing their identities and reducing their participation in mainstream society.

    2. Identity and Legal Recognition: A major milestone for the third gender came in 2014, when the Supreme Court of India recognized transgender individuals as a "third gender" in the landmark NALSA vs. Union of India judgment. This ruling affirmed their constitutional rights and recognized them as a distinct category deserving of equal legal protection. Following this, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was passed to safeguard the rights of the transgender community. However, despite legal recognition, their social status remains far from equal.

    3. Education: Access to education remains a major barrier for third-gender individuals. Many transgender children face bullying, harassment, and discrimination in schools, leading to high dropout rates. This deprives them of opportunities for academic and professional growth. Although there are government initiatives to promote education for transgender individuals, societal stigma and a lack of inclusive infrastructure hinder their access to formal education.

    4. Employment: The third gender community faces systemic discrimination in employment, with limited opportunities for formal work. Many transgender individuals are forced into begging or sex work due to exclusion from mainstream employment sectors. Discrimination during hiring processes, a lack of sensitivity training for employers, and bias against transgender individuals in the workplace create barriers to economic independence. Although some private companies have started inclusive hiring practices, they remain rare.

    5. Healthcare: Transgender individuals often face discriminatory attitudes in healthcare settings, where their medical needs—particularly those related to gender-affirming procedures—are neglected or misunderstood. Access to basic healthcare is limited, and mental health support, especially for individuals facing gender dysphoria or societal rejection, is lacking. Additionally, the costs of transitioning (surgeries, hormone therapies) are often prohibitive, and many transgender people are denied proper healthcare due to their inability to afford treatment.

    6. Political Representation: While the 2014 NALSA judgment mandated political inclusion for the third gender, their political representation remains minimal. A few transgender individuals have run for public office, but they often face challenges, including a lack of support from political parties and the public. The third gender community is largely absent from policymaking bodies, limiting their ability to influence laws and policies that affect their rights and welfare.

    7. Violence and Social Exclusion: The third gender community is one of the most vulnerable groups in India, facing significant levels of violence and abuse. Transgender individuals often experience physical violence, sexual assault, and domestic abuse, both within their families and from society. Many are ostracized by their families at a young age, forcing them into marginalized communities that struggle with poverty, homelessness, and vulnerability to trafficking.

    8. Cultural and Social Norms: Social norms in India heavily stigmatize the third gender, leading to widespread discrimination in public spaces, educational institutions, and workplaces. The hijra community, often seen as a distinct social group within the third gender, is subjected to various forms of social exclusion and mockery. Despite their traditional roles in blessings during weddings and births, societal acceptance of their existence and rights remains limited.

    9. Discrimination in Legal Rights:

    Although the 2019 Transgender Persons Act was a significant legal step, it has been criticized by activists for being inadequate. The Act includes provisions for gender identity recognition, protection from discrimination, and access to healthcare. However, the process for changing gender in legal documents has been criticized for being invasive, and many transgender people still face challenges in accessing justice and basic rights.

    EFFORTS RAISED FOR GENDER EQUALITY FOR THIRD GENDER

    Efforts to promote gender equality for the third gender in India have gained momentum over the past few decades, driven by advocacy from the LGBTQ+ community, legal reforms, and social movements. Here are some key initiatives and developments aimed at recognizing and supporting the rights of the third gender:

    1. Legal Recognition

    • Supreme Court Judgment (2014): The landmark ruling in the Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India case decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships, affirming the rights of the LGBTQ+ community, including the third gender. The Supreme Court recognized the right to equality and privacy, thus providing a legal foundation for further reforms.
    • Nalsa Judgment (2014): The Supreme Court of India recognized transgender individuals as a third gender, affirming their fundamental rights under the Constitution. This judgment mandated the government to take steps for the welfare of transgender persons, including issuing identity documents that reflect their gender identity.

    2. Policy and Legislative Measures

    • Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019): This legislation aims to protect the rights of transgender individuals and provides for their social, economic, and educational welfare. It prohibits discrimination in various spheres, including employment, education, and healthcare, and establishes a mechanism for issuing certificates of identity.
    • National Council for Transgender Persons: The government established this council to advise on policies and programs concerning the transgender community. It aims to ensure that transgender persons have access to their rights and benefits.

    3. Social Initiatives and Programs

    • Awareness Campaigns: Various NGOs and community organizations have launched campaigns to raise awareness about the rights and issues faced by transgender individuals. These campaigns aim to combat stigma and promote acceptance within society.
    • Skill Development and Employment Programs: Several initiatives have been introduced to enhance the employability of transgender individuals, providing training and job placement support to help them integrate into the workforce.
    • Healthcare Access: Efforts have been made to improve access to healthcare services for the transgender community, including mental health support and gender-affirming care. Government and non-governmental organizations have initiated programs to address the specific health needs of transgender individuals.

    4. Community Mobilization

    • Pride Marches and Advocacy: The LGBTQ+ community in India has organized pride marches and advocacy events to promote visibility and demand equal rights for transgender individuals. These events foster solidarity and encourage dialogue about gender diversity.
    • Grassroots Movements: Grassroots organizations have played a crucial role in empowering transgender individuals, advocating for their rights, and providing support services. These organizations often work to address issues such as violence, discrimination, and access to resources.

    GENDER EQUALITY FOR MEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY

    While discussions on gender discrimination often focus on the challenges faced by women and marginalized genders, men in Indian society can also experience discrimination rooted in patriarchal norms and societal expectations. The concept of masculinity in India is often shaped by rigid gender roles, which can lead to social, emotional, and even legal disadvantages for men. This type of gender discrimination, while different in nature, still contributes to inequality by imposing specific roles and expectations on men, limiting their freedom, and in some cases, leading to unfair treatment.

    SOCIAL STATUS AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION FACED BY MEN IN INDIA:

    Patriarchal values in Indian society often create expectations of men as providers, protectors, and emotionally stoic individuals. These gender norms limit men's emotional expression, place heavy responsibilities on them, and at times subject them to societal judgment or legal challenges. Here are key areas where men face discrimination in India:

    1. Emotional Suppression and Mental Health: Indian society often expects men to be emotionally resilient and avoid expressing vulnerability or seeking help for mental health issues. Phrases like "boys don't cry" are commonly used, reinforcing the idea that men should suppress their emotions. This expectation can lead to higher rates of depression, anxiety, and even suicide among men, particularly when they are unable to seek emotional support due to societal pressures. Mental health services for men are often stigmatized, and there is a lack of awareness about addressing men's emotional well-being.

    2. Workplace and Employment Expectations: Men are frequently expected to be the primary breadwinners in their families, which places significant pressure on them to succeed in their careers. Failure to meet these expectations can result in social stigma, feelings of inadequacy, or discrimination within the family. The pressure to secure high-paying jobs often leads men to prioritize work over personal interests, hobbies, or family life, affecting their work-life balance. Additionally, men are less likely to receive support for paternity leave, flexible working hours, or family-related responsibilities, further enforcing traditional gender roles.

    3. Legal Discrimination in Family Laws: Indian laws related to marriage, divorce, and custody can sometimes be biased against men. For example:

    • Dowry Laws: Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code was introduced to protect women from dowry harassment. While this law is crucial for women's safety, there have been instances where it has been misused, leading to false accusations against men and their families. This has caused some men to face legal challenges without adequate protection or support.
    • Child Custody: In cases of divorce or separation, custody of children is often awarded to mothers, with men facing difficulties in securing custody or even visitation rights. This reinforces the idea that caregiving is primarily a woman’s responsibility, limiting men’s involvement in their children's lives.
    • Maintenance and Alimony: In cases of divorce, men are typically expected to provide financial support to their former spouses, even if the woman is capable of earning. This can lead to financial strain on men, especially in cases where the system is perceived to be unfair or biased.

    4. Domestic Violence and Sexual Harassment:

    Although domestic violence is largely associated with women, men can also be victims of domestic abuse. However, societal attitudes and stereotypes often discourage men from reporting abuse due to the stigma associated with being perceived as "weak." Male victims of domestic violence may not have adequate legal recourse, as the law is often framed around protecting women from violence.

    Similarly, sexual harassment against men is often underreported and trivialized. Men who are harassed in workplaces or other environments may not feel comfortable coming forward due to societal expectations of masculinity or fear of not being believed.

    5. Education and Career Choices: From a young age, men in India are often steered towards specific fields of study, such as engineering, medicine, or business, based on societal expectations. Men who choose to pursue careers in the arts, humanities, or caregiving professions may face ridicule or lack of support from their families and peers. This limits their freedom to choose careers based on personal passion or interest. Moreover, men in non-traditional roles like nursing or teaching are often subject to gender-based discrimination and social stigma.

    6. Stereotyping and Social Norms: Men in India are subjected to stereotypes that can be harmful and restrictive. The idea that men must be "tough," "dominant," or "protectors" creates unrealistic expectations. Men who do not conform to these stereotypes may face discrimination or social isolation. For instance, men who are not financially successful or who express emotions like fear or sadness are often judged harshly by society. This rigid definition of masculinity prevents men from embracing diverse roles, personalities, and lifestyles.

    7. Paternity Leave and Family Responsibilities: While maternity leave is legally mandated in India, paternity leave policies are minimal or non-existent in many sectors. This reflects societal views that childcare is primarily the responsibility of women, limiting men's participation in early child-rearing and reinforcing gender roles. Fathers who wish to be involved in raising their children are often not given the necessary support or flexibility in workplaces, leading to unequal parenting roles.

    8. Violence and Conflict: Men, especially from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, are more likely to be involved in physical labour or military service, where they are exposed to higher levels of physical risk. In conflict zones or areas of civil unrest, men are often the primary targets of violence, leading to higher rates of injury and death. While this is not often seen as gender discrimination in the traditional sense, it highlights how societal expectations around masculinity expose men to violence and harm.

    EFFORTS RAISED FOR GENDER EQUALITY FOR MEN

    Gender inequality and gender-based discrimination against men in India often go unnoticed, with little thought or effort being put forth to address these issues. However, there is a growing movement to raise awareness and take action to secure the rights of men and combat gender-based discrimination in India.

    1. Legal Reforms for Men's Rights: There have been movements advocating for legal reforms to address men's concerns, particularly in areas like false accusations in cases of domestic violence or sexual harassment. Sections like 498A of the Indian Penal Code meant to protect women from cruelty, have seen instances of misuse, leading to calls for a more balanced approach to protecting men's rights while still safeguarding women.

    2. Men's Mental Health Awareness: Organizations like the Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) have been vocal about the need to address men's mental health, recognizing that societal expectations often place immense pressure on men to conform to rigid gender roles. Campaigns highlight the high suicide rates among men in India, urging for more accessible mental health services and the de-stigmatization of seeking help.

    3. Addressing Domestic Violence Against Men: Although women are more commonly the victims of domestic violence, men can also suffer from abuse in relationships. Advocacy groups like Men’s Rights Association (MRA) have raised awareness about domestic violence against men, pushing for gender-neutral laws to ensure that men also have legal protection in cases of abuse.

    4. Challenging Stereotypes: Various civil society organizations are working to challenge traditional stereotypes that depict men as sole providers or emotionally distant figures. By encouraging men to embrace diverse roles, including as caregivers and emotional supporters, these efforts aim to create a more equitable society for all genders. Initiatives such as "HeForShe" by UN Women encourage men to support gender equality and break harmful norms.

    5. Paternity Leave: The issue of paternity leave is gaining momentum, with many advocating for policies that encourage men to participate in caregiving roles. While paternity leave is not yet a widespread practice in India, there are growing discussions around this issue, pushing for its inclusion in corporate and public sectors as a step toward gender equality.

    6. Gender-Neutral Sexual Harassment Laws: There is a growing demand for gender-neutral sexual harassment laws to ensure that men who face harassment at work or in public spaces are also protected. While the POSH Act currently protects women, advocates are pushing for reforms that ensure protections extend to all genders.

    THE CONCEPT OF GENDER NEUTRALITY

    Gender neutrality is a concept aimed at eliminating gender as a basis for distinction in society, fostering equality and inclusivity by challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. This approach extends across various aspects of life, including language, education, law, and workplaces. Gender-neutral language, such as using pronouns like "they" or "ze," and adopting job titles like "firefighter" instead of "fireman," helps break down gendered assumptions. Additionally, gender-neutral spaces such as public restrooms, and educational practices that do not reinforce traditional gender roles, contribute to a more inclusive environment for all genders, including non-binary and transgender individuals.

    The importance of gender neutrality lies in promoting equality by ensuring that gender does not limit individuals’ access to opportunities or rights. It supports gender diversity, especially in recognizing identities beyond the male-female binary, and challenges societal stereotypes. Moreover, gender-neutral policies in workplaces and laws, such as equal parental leave and unbiased hiring practices, are essential in reducing discrimination. Despite these efforts, the concept faces challenges like cultural resistance and misunderstandings, where some view it as an attempt to erase gender rather than promote equality. Overcoming these obstacles requires systemic changes in attitudes and institutional structures to fully realize gender-neutral practices.

    SUGGESTIONS FOR PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY FOR ALL

    1. Education and Awareness: Implement gender-sensitive education programs at an early age to instil values of equality and dismantle harmful stereotypes. Raise awareness about the significance of gender equality through public campaigns, community initiatives, and media platforms.

    2. Policy Reforms: Enforce laws and policies that uphold equal pay, combat gender-based violence, and ensure equal opportunities across all sectors, including government, education, and the workplace. Establish balanced maternity and paternity leave policies to promote shared caregiving responsibilities.

    3. Workplace Equality: Enforce strict policies against workplace harassment and discrimination to foster safe and inclusive environments for all genders. Promote flexible work arrangements and eliminate gender bias in hiring and promotions to facilitate career advancement for all individuals.

    4. Support for Marginalized Genders: Advocate for the rights and protections of transgender and non-binary individuals, ensuring access to healthcare, legal recognition, and employment opportunities. Ensure adequate representation of women and other marginalized genders in decision-making roles at all levels.

    5. Challenging Gender Norms: Encourage men to actively engage in discussions about gender equality and take on caregiving roles traditionally assigned to women. Challenge media representations and cultural narratives that perpetuate outdated gender roles, advocating for more diverse and gender-neutral portrayals in various forms of media.

    6. Encouraging Male Allyship: Engage men as allies in the pursuit of gender equality by promoting positive masculinity and dismantling stereotypes that hinder their full involvement in parenting, household responsibilities, and advocacy for equality.

    7. Increase Female Representation: Ensure greater representation of women in politics, boardrooms, and leadership positions by setting quotas or other mechanisms to break the cycle of male dominance in decision-making spaces.

    CONCLUSION

    Gender equality is crucial for building a just and prosperous society, promoting social justice, economic growth, and sustainable development. It ensures that everyone, regardless of gender, has equal access to opportunities and rights.

    In India, gender equality is a complex issue and has been a significant topic in social and political discussions for many years. Despite progress in legislation and policies promoting gender equality, there remains a considerable challenge to it. Discrimination against women and marginalized gender identities continues to hinder efforts towards full equality, particularly in areas like employment, education, and healthcare. Societal attitudes and gaps in laws concerning different genders need significant changes.

    Achieving gender equality requires a multi-dimensional approach that tackles deep-seated societal norms, systemic biases, and institutional barriers. This includes challenging traditional gender roles, promoting education and awareness about gender equality, and enacting gender-neutral laws. Additionally, increasing opportunities for women and third genders in education, employment, and leadership roles is crucial for attaining true gender equality in India. Efforts to change social stigmas and stereotypes about various genders will also help reduce the gender gap in India.

    Gender equality is not just about equal rights; it involves creating environments where individuals can thrive based on their talents, passions, and potential, without being restricted by gender-based stereotypes or discrimination.

    The path to gender equality extends beyond legal reforms and requires societal engagement through education, advocacy, and community involvement. Legal changes need to be supported by efforts to shift cultural attitudes and behaviours to make equality a reality for everyone. Achieving gender equality is not just a legal obligation but a moral one, requiring the commitment of individuals, communities, and institutions to make meaningful progress towards a more equitable and prosperous India for future generations.

    .    .    .


    Discus