For centuries, India and many other countries have experienced and lived in joint family systems. Multiple generations often lived under one roof, and most families had a head who controlled all the decisions made within the family. Usually, this position belonged to the oldest male or the oldest person living there.
Until the age of industrialisation, this was the norm for many people. After industrialisation, people began to move to cities and other destinations in search of better livelihoods, and the expense of maintaining a joint family became unsustainable for many. Thus, the nuclear family emerged as a more practical option.
Urbanization
Urbanisation and industrialisation go hand-in-hand in changing the entire lifestyle of human beings. From scheduled work times to holidays, the phenomenon of migrating to prosperous cities from rural or poorer areas has altered many aspects, including family dynamics. Metropolitan cities tend to be more expensive due to factors like rent, imported goods, and educational expenses.
The high cost of living in cities like Mumbai or Bangalore makes it challenging for joint families to thrive. Combined with the implications of the traditional division of labour, the traditional joint family system becomes a burden. Therefore, the family unit is often reduced to the most essential people – spouses, children, and perhaps a pet or two.
Privacy
The concept of privacy has become more relevant in modern times. After India modernised in the 1960s and 1970s, many people migrated to cities for a better life, taking only their immediate family with them. This new system provided a greater sense of privacy, without relatives and nosy neighbours interfering in their private lives.
In metropolitan cities, nuclear family systems give couples the privacy to plan their lives, including their relationships, family planning, and careers. Joint family systems, on the other hand, can lead to tension between family members, especially between in-laws.
Female Independence
The traditional joint family system relied heavily on women's unpaid labour, stripping them of their identity and autonomy. With increased education and independence, women are opting for nuclear family systems, seeking greater freedom and self-determination.
In metropolitan cities, women are able to live independently, making choices about their lives and careers. Joint family systems often leave women vulnerable to patriarchal settings, where they may face mistreatment and isolation.
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