• Luna 2, launched by the Soviet Union in 1959, marked the first successful lunar impact and provided data on radiation and magnetic fields upon impacting the Moon's surface.
• Luna 3, also from the Soviet Union in the same year, captured unprecedented images of the Moon's far side, unveiling previously unseen lunar features. 
• Luna 9, in 1960, became the first spacecraft to softly land on the Moon, transmitting vital images and data.
• Luna 16, in 1962, executed a robotic sample return mission, bringing lunar soil to Earth.
• United States' Ranger 7 (1966) sent back high-resolution images, aiding in Apollo site selection, while Surveyor 1 (1966) achieved a soft landing, offering insights into lunar soil properties.
• Luna 10 (1966) orbited the Moon, collecting data on its environment. Apollo missions, including Apollo 8 (1968) orbiting the Moon and Apollo 11 (1969) successfully landing with sample collection, contributed essential lunar data. 
• Apollo 12 (1969) explored, Apollo 13 (1970) faced challenges, Apollo 14 (1971) conducted experiments, and Apollo 15 (1971) extended exploration using a lunar rover.
• Apollo 16 (1972) conducted geological studies, and Apollo 17 (1972) marked the final Apollo mission, continuing geological research.
• Soviet missions Luna 17 (1970) delivered the Lunokhod 1 rover, enabling remote exploration, while Luna 20 (1972) brought additional lunar soil.
• China's Chang'e missions, such as Chang'e 1 (2007) mapping the Moon's surface and Chang'e 2 (2010) conducting high-resolution imaging, provided insights.
• Chang'e 3 (2013) achieved a soft landing and deployed the Yutu rover for soil and rock analysis, and Chang'e 4 (2019) made history with the first landing on the Moon's far side.
• India's Chandrayaan-1 (2008) discovered lunar water evidence, while Chandrayaan-2 (2019) aimed for the south pole, though the lander contact was lost. Chandrayaan-3 (2022) the mission is ongoing.

INDIA's PATH

CHANDRAYAAN -1

Conception and Feasibility Studies:

The idea of Chandrayaan was initially conceptualized during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in the year 2000. Scientists and engineers with a keen interest in lunar exploration were present at this pivotal gathering.

Recognizing the potential of lunar exploration, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) established a task force in 2001 to delve into the feasibility of conducting a lunar mission. This task force concluded that India possessed the technical expertise required to execute such an ambitious mission.

Government Approval and Budget Allocation:

In the year 2002, the Indian government provided the green light for the Chandrayaan program, signifying its commitment to lunar exploration. The program was earmarked with a budget of ₹3.8 billion (approximately US$50 million), reflecting the financial investment in this scientific endeavor.

Spacecraft Construction:

The construction phase of the Chandrayaan spacecraft commenced in 2003. The esteemed ISRO's Spacecraft Systems Centre, located in Bangalore, was entrusted with the responsibility of building the spacecraft.

Launch and Lunar Orbit:

On October 22, 2008, a landmark moment arrived as Chandrayaan 1 was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. The spacecraft's journey into space was facilitated by a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket.

Lunar Exploration and Discoveries:

Chandrayaan 1 embarked on a remarkable journey, orbiting the moon for an impressive span of 312 days. During this extended stay in lunar orbit, the spacecraft gathered an array of data that significantly augmented our understanding of the moon's surface.

One of the mission's most notable achievements was the revelation of water ice on the moon, marking a groundbreaking discovery that had far-reaching implications for future lunar exploration and the potential establishment of lunar bases.

Legacy and Achievements:

Chandrayaan 1 showcased India's prowess in orchestrating complex space missions, demonstrating its ability to not only launch but also proficiently operate advanced spacecraft.

The mission substantively contributed to the collective knowledge about the moon, advancing humanity's comprehension of our celestial neighbor.

Notable persons at that time:

• Dr. K. Kasturirangan: The Visionary Leader

Dr. K. Kasturirangan served as the chairman of ISRO from 1994 to 2003, during a transformative phase for the organization. His visionary leadership was instrumental in conceptualizing and driving the Chandrayaan program. Under his guidance, ISRO's aspirations expanded, setting the stage for India's foray into lunar exploration. Dr. Kasturirangan's strategic vision paved the way for ISRO's achievements during his tenure and laid the groundwork for future missions like Chandrayaan.

• Dr. M. Annadurai: The Project Director

Dr. M. Annadurai held the position of project director for Chandrayaan 1. His role was pivotal in orchestrating the mission's overall management. From conception to execution, he oversaw the intricate coordination of various components, ensuring seamless collaboration among teams. Dr. Annadurai's meticulous planning and steadfast dedication were central to Chandrayaan 1's remarkable success, marking a milestone in India's space exploration journey.

• Dr. R. Umamaheswaran: The Payload Manager

Dr. R. Umamaheswaran served as the payload manager for Chandrayaan 1. In this capacity, he was responsible for the scientific instruments housed within the spacecraft. His expertise ensured that these instruments were designed, integrated, and operated effectively to achieve the mission's scientific objectives. Dr. Umamaheswaran's attention to detail and scientific acumen contributed to the wealth of data collected during Chandrayaan 1's lunar orbit. 

• Dr. S.K. Shivakumar: The Spacecraft Systems Engineer 

Dr. S.K. Shivakumar held the crucial role of spacecraft systems engineer for Chandrayaan 1. His responsibility encompassed the design and construction of the spacecraft, a formidable task given the challenges of space conditions. Dr. Shivakumar's engineering prowess and dedication were pivotal in creating a spacecraft that endured the rigors of space travel and delivered mission success.

• Dr. A.S. Kiran Kumar: Shaping the Future

Dr. A.S. Kiran Kumar served as the project director of Chandrayaan 2 and later became the chairman of ISRO. His leadership steered Chandrayaan 2, showcasing ISRO's continued commitment to lunar exploration. As ISRO's chairman, Dr. Kiran Kumar continued to guide the organization towards its next phase of growth and development, ensuring that India's space exploration aspirations remain on an upward trajectory.

• Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's contributions to the Chandrayaan program were instrumental in shaping the mission's scientific objectives and achievements. His visionary insights and technical expertise left an indelible mark on the mission's success:

Moon Impact Probe (MIP):

Dr. Kalam's suggestion to include the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) in the Chandrayaan 1 mission marked a significant enhancement to the mission's scientific goals. The MIP was a small, unmanned spacecraft that was designed to crash into the moon's surface. This crash impact was carefully orchestrated to gather crucial data about the moon's surface composition, topography, and other characteristics. Dr. Kalam's idea to include the MIP enabled scientists to gain insights into the properties of the moon's surface in a unique and direct manner. The MIP's successful impact and subsequent data collection added a new dimension to the mission's scientific accomplishments.

Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3):

Dr. Kalam's visionary thinking extended to the inclusion of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) payload in the Chandrayaan 1 mission. The M3 was a state-of-the-art scientific instrument designed to map the chemical composition of the lunar surface. It utilized advanced spectroscopic techniques to identify minerals and elements present on the moon. The inclusion of M3 allowed scientists to carry out detailed analyses of the moon's surface, revealing its mineralogical diversity and providing insights into its geological history. One of the most significant outcomes of the M3 payload was the confirmation of the presence of water ice on the moon, a discovery that had far-reaching implications for lunar exploration and potential future missions.

CHANDRAYAAN 2

Mission Genesis and Rationale:

The idea of Chandrayaan 2 was conceived in the early 2010s, as a follow-up to the successful Chandrayaan 1 mission. The government of India was keen to continue its space exploration program, and Chandrayaan 2 was seen as a way to build on the achievements of Chandrayaan 1.

The government approved the Chandrayaan 2 mission in 2013, and the spacecraft was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission was launched on July 22, 2019, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

Launch Complex and Craft Architecture:

On July 22, 2019, the inaugural step of Chandrayaan 2 transpired with a launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. The mission's tripartite structure included:

• Orbiter Instrumentation: The orbiter carried a suite of 8 scientific instruments to fulfill its mission objectives:
• Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2): Captured high-resolution 3D images of the lunar surface.
• Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM): Analyzed X-rays from the sun to study the moon's exosphere.
• Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS): Detected and characterized elemental composition using X-rays.
• Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR): Mapped the moon's polar regions for water ice presence.
• Dual Frequency Radio Science Experiment (DFRS): Investigated electron density in the exosphere.
• Chandrayaan 2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (CHACE-2): Studied the moon's exosphere and volatile distribution.
• Dual Frequency Radio Beacon (DFRB): Provided information about the moon's ionosphere.
• Dual Frequency Dual Polarized Doppler Wind Lidar (D2DPL): Assessed vertical wind profiles and backscattering.

Lander and Rover Scientific Payload:

The Vikram lander carried three scientific instruments:

• Seismometer: Designed to measure seismic activity and understand the moon's internal structure.
• Thermal Probe: Intended to gauge thermal conductivity beneath the lunar surface.
• Langmuir Probe: Examined the moon's exosphere and measured its variations.

The Pragyan rover carried two instruments:

• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Analyzed the elemental composition of the lunar surface.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Determined the abundance of elements on the moon.

Navigational Challenges and Setback:

• Lander Descent and Crash:

The Chandrayaan 2 mission's lander, Vikram, underwent a meticulously planned descent sequence to achieve a controlled and precise landing on the moon's surface. On September 7, 2019, at 1:43 AM IST, during the critical final phase of descent known as the "powered descent phase," an unforeseen anomaly arose due to a software malfunction. This glitch in the lander's guidance and navigation system disrupted its ability to compute the required course corrections, leading to a divergence from the intended trajectory.

As a consequence, Vikram lost its ability to maintain precise control over its altitude and position. Despite the onboard systems' attempts to rectify the deviation, the lander's control was ultimately compromised, resulting in an unintended, abrupt impact with the lunar surface. This event, referred to as a "hard landing," concluded the descent phase with a collision at a yet-to-be-determined location within the Moon's South Pole region.

• Rover Deployment and Communication Loss:

Prior to the crash, Vikram successfully initiated the deployment of the Pragyan rover, which was designed to explore the lunar surface, conduct experiments, and transmit data back to mission control. After deployment, Pragyan commenced its planned operations, which included the analysis of the moon's geological composition and surface characteristics.

However, despite its initial success, communication with the Pragyan rover was unfortunately disrupted shortly after it began its operations. The precise reason for the loss of communication remains a subject of investigation, although possibilities include terrain obstacles, technical malfunctions, or limitations in the communication link.

• Lander Wreckage and South Pole Region:

Analysis and remote sensing efforts suggest that the wreckage of the Vikram lander is likely dispersed across an area near the Moon's South Pole. The exact location of the impact and the extent of the wreckage's dispersion remain uncertain due to the challenging nature of lunar terrain analysis from Earth.

The Moon's South Pole region was chosen as the landing site due to its scientific significance, including the potential presence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas. Exploring this region would provide insights into the moon's history, geology, and resource potential.

What is the current activity of the Chandrayaan 2 orbiter?

The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is currently in a 100 km x 100 km orbit around the Moon. It has completed over 1000 orbits and has been functioning normally. The orbiter is expected to continue to operate for several years. The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is a valuable asset to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is helping ISRO to better understand the moon and its potential resources. The orbiter is also helping ISRO to prepare for future missions to the moon.

CHANDRAYAAN 3

The Chandrayaan-3 endeavor marks a noteworthy progression for India's space initiatives. This mission is poised to enhance India's comprehension of the Moon and its plausible resources. Moreover, it serves as a testament to India's technological prowess and its aspiration to assume a prominent role in the realm of space exploration.

The primary goals of the Chandrayaan-3 mission:

• Accomplishing a successful soft landing of a lander and rover on the southern pole of the Moon.
• Conducting an in-depth analysis of the geology and mineral composition of the Moon's southern pole.
• Engaging in a quest to identify water ice deposits on the Moon's southern pole.
• Demonstrating innovative technologies that can pave the way for forthcoming lunar missions.

Design Enhancements from Chandrayaan 2 to Chandrayaan 3

The payloads carried by the landers and rovers of both the Chandrayaan 2 and Chandrayaan 3 missions have been devised with the objective of investigating the lunar landscape and its plausible reservoirs. The lander payloads are dedicated to scrutinising the Moon's seismic behavior and thermal characteristics, whereas the rover payloads are intended to chart the terrain, assess the elemental makeup, and capture detailed visual representations.

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is set to utilize the LVM3-M4 launch vehicle, a three-stage liquid-fueled rocket capable of deploying payloads of up to 4 tonnes into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).

Comprising an orbiter, a lander, and a rover, the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft is designed for multifaceted exploration. While the orbiter will continue to orbit the Moon, the lander and rover components will endeavor to achieve a successful lunar landing.

For its descent, the lander will integrate retrorockets to facilitate a controlled and secure landing on the lunar surface. Concurrently, the rover will incorporate a diverse array of scientific instruments, aimed at conducting comprehensive analyses of the lunar terrain.

• The LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) 

The Chandrayaan 2 mission took advantage of the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) for its launch, a smaller and less powerful launch vehicle when compared to the LVM3. The selection of the PSLV for Chandrayaan 2 was driven by its perceived reliability and reduced risk, particularly since the LVM3 was still in its developmental phase during that timeframe.

In contrast, for the Chandrayaan 3 mission, intended as a follow-up to Chandrayaan 2, the LVM3 is earmarked for deployment. This mission aims to achieve a successful lunar landing, featuring a lander and rover at the Moon's southern pole. This ambition mandates the robust lift capacity that the LVM3 can offer.

The LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) stands as ISRO's operational heavy-lift launch vehicle, boasting an impressive track record of six consecutive successful missions. The ongoing Chandrayaan-3 mission marks the fourth operational flight of the LVM3, intended to deploy the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into a Geo Transfer Orbit (GTO). The adaptability of the LVM3 has been convincingly demonstrated through its successful execution of intricate missions, encompassing:

• Placing numerous satellites into diverse orbital trajectories
• Devising mission strategies to maintain safe separation distances between disengaged satellites via reorientation and velocity augmentation maneuvers
• Navigating through diverse orbital ranges, encompassing low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geosynchronous orbit (GEO)
• Effectively conducting missions beyond Earth's orbit
• Serving as the conveyance for both domestic and international client satellites

Notably, the LVM3 stands as India's most sizable and weighty launch vehicle. With a capacity to carry payloads of up to 4 tonnes into GTO, it touts a payload capability twice that of its predecessor, the PSLV.

The launch of LVM3-M4 is scheduled to occur from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR. This launch pad serves as the platform for the deployment of the Chandrayaan-3 mission and ensures all the necessary preparations are in place to facilitate a successful launch. Through its achievements, LVM3 highlights ISRO's commitment to advancing space technology and exploration.

• Propulsion Module

Chandrayaan 3 mission introduces the propulsion module as a novel inclusion. However, the Chandrayaan 2 mission does not incorporate the propulsion module. In this mission, the components include solely an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The orbiter's function is to sustain lunar orbit, while the lander and rover are tasked with aiming for a lunar surface landing. 

The propulsion module's purpose is to facilitate the transition of the lander and rover from the injection orbit to the lunar orbit. This strategic addition results in the lander and rover having a more abundant fuel supply for the intricate landing and surface activities.

The propulsion module bears substantial significance within the framework of the Chandrayaan 3 mission. It not only enhances the mission's prospects for success but also plays a pivotal role in setting the stage for forthcoming lunar ventures.

The propulsion module takes the form of a four-stage, solid-fueled rocket capable of generating an impressive 640 kilonewtons of thrust. It will come equipped with an array of sensors and actuators responsible for controlling its attitude and orbit.

During the mission's execution, the propulsion module will be launched alongside the orbiter and lander aboard the LVM3-M4 launch vehicle. Subsequent to launch, the module will separate from the LVM3-M4 and independently employ its propulsion system to attain the lunar orbit.

Once established in the lunar orbit, the propulsion module will release the lander and rover. The lander, in turn, will employ its autonomous propulsion system to achieve a successful lunar surface landing. Following this, the rover will be deployed from the lander and will commence its exploration of the lunar terrain. The propulsion module's role in the Chandrayaan-3 mission is substantial, contributing to the mission's likelihood of success and laying a foundation for upcoming lunar ventures. Highlighted below are some salient attributes of the propulsion module:

• Four-stage, solid-fueled rocket design
• Thrust capability of 640 kilonewtons
• Inclusion of diverse sensors and actuators
• Launch in conjunction with the orbiter and lander using the LVM3-M4 launch vehicle
• Tasked with conveying the lander and rover from the injection orbit to the lunar orbit
• Responsible for releasing the lander and rover into the lunar orbit
• Deployment of lander's autonomous propulsion for lunar surface landing
• Activation of the rover's exploration on the lunar surface

The propulsion module stands as a testament to the impressive technological prowess of the ISRO. Its development underscores the ISRO's capability in crafting advanced spacecraft. Serving as a pivotal component within the Chandrayaan-3 mission, the propulsion module is poised to play a pivotal role in its successful execution.

Launch Vehicle sequence of Chandrayaan 3

Stage Separation and Control:

The transition between the various stages of the launch vehicle is managed by a sophisticated sensor-actuator system. This system comprises sensors that continuously monitor the performance and behavior of both the stages and the spacecraft. Based on the data received from these sensors, the system triggers actuators that initiate the separation process. This is a crucial operation to ensure that each stage is detached at the right time and in the correct sequence, allowing the subsequent stage to take over seamlessly.

Importance of Separation Phase:

The separation phase of the Chandrayaan 3 mission holds immense significance. If the stages do not separate as intended, it could have detrimental effects on the overall mission's success. However, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has a well-established history of successful stage separations in its previous missions. This track record instills confidence that the separation phase of Chandrayaan 3 will also be executed successfully, contributing to the mission's overall success.

The timeline of the separation phase of Chandrayaan 3, with the stages of the launch vehicle ignition listed:

• 0:00 seconds: Launch
• 0:02 seconds: S200 ignition
• 127 seconds: S200 separation
• 108 seconds: L110 ignition
• 203 seconds: L110 separation
• 540 seconds: CE25 ignition
• 720 seconds: CE25 separation
• 9 minutes: Spacecraft in final orbit

1. S200 Boosters (First Stage):

The S200 boosters constitute the inaugural stage of the launch vehicle. They play a pivotal role by providing the initial thrust required for liftoff. This propulsive force is instrumental in propelling the rocket into the sky, overcoming Earth's gravitational pull. The S200 boosters are the primary source of thrust during the initial phase of the launch. They are designed to burn through their fuel in this first stage, which ultimately leads to their detachment from the rocket.

2. L110 Core Stage (Second Stage):

Following the ignition and separation of the S200 boosters, the L110 core stage takes over. This stage is responsible for sustaining the rocket's upward trajectory once the initial boosters have been jettisoned. The L110 core stage delivers consistent thrust that helps the rocket overcome the resistance of the atmosphere and continue its ascent into space. As the rocket gains altitude, the L110 core stage continues to burn its liquid fuel, providing the necessary power to maintain the rocket's momentum. Once the fuel in this stage is depleted, it is detached from the spacecraft.

3. CE25 Cryogenic Stage (Third Stage):

The CE25 cryogenic stage is the final stage of the launch vehicle's ascent. It operates using cryogenic propulsion, which involves the use of extremely cold propellants. This stage is responsible for placing the spacecraft into its intended final orbit around the Earth. It executes this task by igniting its engines and providing the necessary velocity to achieve the desired orbital parameters. Once this task is accomplished and the spacecraft is in its designated orbit, the CE25 cryogenic stage is separated from the spacecraft.

Subsequent Journey:

After the separation phase is concluded, the spacecraft embarks on an independent journey through space. During this phase, the spacecraft will engage in a series of precisely calculated maneuvers aimed at guiding it to its ultimate destination: the Moon. These maneuvers will involve adjusting the spacecraft's trajectory and velocity to ensure a successful lunar rendezvous, ultimately fulfilling the mission's scientific objectives.

The Journey of Chandrayaan 3

Announcement and Preparations:

July 6, 2023: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) makes a significant announcement, revealing that the launch date for Chandrayaan-3 has been scheduled for July 14. This ambitious mission is set to commence from Sriharikota's secondary launch pad, marking another milestone in India's space exploration journey.

July 7, 2023: ISRO achieves a crucial milestone by successfully completing the assessment of the vehicle's electrical systems. This step is essential to ensure the reliability and functionality of the spacecraft's intricate electronic components.

July 11, 2023: In a meticulous and detailed preparation process, a full-scale rehearsal is conducted, simulating the entire launch sequence for Chandrayaan-3. This 24-hour simulation covers every aspect of the launch procedure, from pre-launch checks to countdown procedures, further ensuring the mission's readiness.

Launch and Initial Orbits:

July 14, 2023: The highly anticipated launch day arrives as the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft embarks on its journey. Aboard the GSLV Mark 3 (LVM 3) heavy-lift launch vehicle, the spacecraft is launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. It successfully achieves its designated orbit, marking the beginning of its mission to explore the lunar surface.

July 15, 2023: The spacecraft's journey continues with its first critical maneuver. The first orbit-raising maneuver is executed successfully, strategically adjusting the spacecraft's trajectory to position it into an orbit with an apogee (farthest point) of 41,762 km and a perigee (nearest point) of 173 km.

July 17, 2023: Building on the success of the previous maneuver, the second orbit-raising maneuver is executed. This maneuver places Chandrayaan-3 into an orbit with an apogee of 41,603 km and a perigee of 226 km, further fine-tuning its path towards the Moon.

July 22, 2023: The third orbit-raising maneuver is a critical step in the spacecraft's journey. Through precise engine firings, the spacecraft's orbit is adjusted to have an apogee of 71,351 km and a perigee of 233 km. This maneuver paves the way for the spacecraft's eventual journey to the Moon.

July 25, 2023: Demonstrating ISRO's commitment to precision, an additional orbit-raising maneuver is conducted. This maneuver contributes to refining the spacecraft's trajectory, ensuring that it remains on course for its lunar voyage.

Lunar Orbit Insertion:

August 1, 2023: An important milestone is achieved as Chandrayaan-3 is successfully inserted into the translunar orbit. This trajectory, with an apogee of 369,328 km and a perigee of 288 km, marks the spacecraft's entry into the Moon's sphere of influence. The stage is now set for the mission's lunar exploration phase.

August 5, 2023: With careful planning and precise execution, Chandrayaan-3 achieves lunar orbit. Its trajectory is adjusted to an elliptical orbit with an apogee of 18,074 km and a perigee of 164 km, marking the spacecraft's entry into the Moon's vicinity.

Orbit Adjustments:

August 6, 2023: Further adjustments to Chandrayaan-3's lunar orbit are made to position it for its subsequent phases. The spacecraft's trajectory is modified to have an apogee of 4,313 km and a perigee of 170 km, aligning it more closely with the lunar surface.

August 9, 2023: Earth is viewed by lLI camera.

August 14, 2023: Reflecting ISRO's meticulous planning, Chandrayaan-3's orbit is adjusted to refine its trajectory further. The spacecraft's orbit is altered to an elliptical shape with an apogee of 177 km and a perigee of 150 km, optimizing its position for upcoming phases.

August 20, 2023: The spacecraft's orbit is meticulously adjusted to specific points, positioning it at an apogee of 25 km and a perigee of 134 km. This strategic placement represents the farthest and nearest points to the lunar surface, setting the stage for the mission's next crucial phase.

Final Lunar Orbit and Landing Preparation:

August 17, 2023: A pivotal moment is reached as the landing module, consisting of the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover, is successfully separated from the spacecraft's propulsion system. This separation is a crucial step as it prepares the landing module for its independent journey towards the lunar surface.

August 18, 2023: In a carefully orchestrated maneuver, the landing module undergoes a "deboosting" operation. This operation lowers the module's orbit to an apogee of 157 km and a perigee of 113 km, effectively initiating the descent towards the Moon's surface.

August 20, 2023: Further adjustments to Chandrayaan-3's orbit are made, positioning the spacecraft's orbit at an apogee of 25 km and a perigee of 134 km. These precise calculations set the stage for the mission's highly anticipated lunar touchdown.

Lunar Touchdown Phase:

August 21, 2023: An important achievement is realized as communication is established between the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and Chandrayaan-3's Lunar Module. This two-way communication serves as a vital link, enabling crucial data exchange between the spacecraft and ground control.

August 23, 2023: A historic moment unfolds as Chandrayaan-3 achieves a successful soft landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm IST. This remarkable feat not only signifies India's technological prowess but also marks the first-ever landing on the lunar south pole, solidifying the nation's place in space exploration history.

We landed happily:) Jai Hind! The proudest moment happened!

The photograph of the moon was taken by the Lander Imager camera just moments before the touchdown.

What Chandrayaan 3 have found out till?
(As of August 31, 2023)

On August 27, 2023:

A milestone was attained on this day, as preliminary insights were gleaned from the ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) payload, an integral component of the Vikram Lander's scientific payload. The overarching aim of ChaSTE revolves around profiling the temperature dynamics exhibited by the lunar surface substrate in the vicinity of the designated pole, thereby furnishing enhanced comprehension of the thermal conductivities governing the lunar terrain. The instrumentation incorporates a temperature-sensing probe engineered for penetration capabilities of up to 10 cm beneath the surface, further fortified with an assemblage of 10 distinct temperature sensors. The graphical representation furnished herewith chronicles the oscillations in temperature observed across discrete depths within the lunar surface or its immediate subsurface strata, ascertained during the progressive advancement of the sensor-laden probe. This temperature profile stands as a pioneering endeavor for the lunar southern pole domain, its comprehensive elucidation presently unfolding through meticulous ongoing assessments.

On August 29, 2023:

Continuing with in-situ scientific endeavors, the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) apparatus incorporated within the Rover's instrumentation suite has duly ascertained the presence of Sulphur (S) within the lunar regolith proximate to the southern polar region, ascertained through on-site measurements. In addition, elemental constituents encompassing Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Titanium (Ti), Manganese (Mn), Silicon (Si), and Oxygen (O) have been identified in line with anticipated outcomes. The pursuit of detecting Hydrogen (H) remains an ongoing facet of inquiry. Worth noting, the LIBS instrument materialized through developmental efforts conducted at the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)/ISRO, situated in Bengaluru.

On August 31, 2023:

The RAMBHA-LP payload, which is part of the Chandrayaan-3 Lander, has achieved a groundbreaking milestone by conducting its first-ever measurements of the Lunar plasma environment in the vicinity of the Moon's south pole. Preliminary evaluations suggest that the concentration of plasma near the lunar surface is comparatively low. This observation holds the potential to play a crucial role in minimizing the interference caused by Lunar plasma on radio wave communication. Additionally, these findings could contribute to the enhancement of future lunar missions' design.

Benefit for India of having Chandrayaan 3

A. Chandrayaan-3's Economic Significance: Beyond National Pride

The impact of India's Chandrayaan-3 mission reaches far beyond mere patriotic pride. This lunar expedition is poised to unlock an array of opportunities within the space technology sector, propelling the nation's economy to new heights. The success of Chandrayaan-3 is also expected to boost investor confidence, leading to a positive surge in the stocks of select companies.

B. The Triumph of Chandrayaan-3: A Catalyst for Economic Transformation

The accomplishment of India's Chandrayaan-3 mission holds significance that extends well beyond its patriotic resonance. By skillfully landing an unmanned probe on the Moon's southern pole, India became the fourth country to achieve such a feat, following the United States, China, and the Soviet Union. The achievement has sparked celebrations not just within the Indian Space Research Organisation but globally, solidifying India's position in the realm of space exploration.

C. Impact on the Economic Landscape: A Multi-faceted Boost

The economic implications of Chandrayaan-3's success are substantial. The achievement is anticipated to act as a catalyst for growth in startups and companies operating within sectors such as space technology, aerospace, and defense. This successful lunar landing enhances the credibility of India's space program, fostering greater trust among investors, vendors, customers, and the international community in Indian space technology.

Mukesh Kochar, National Head of Wealth Management at AUM Capital, explains that with India already hosting 140 registered space-tech startups, this remarkable achievement is poised to attract significant investments. An anticipated increase in budget allocation to the sector could create a positive ripple effect on the broader Indian economy.

Sreeram Ananthasayanam from Deloitte India shares similar sentiments. He highlights that extraordinary moments like this not only unite a nation but also cultivate scientific curiosity among India's youth, expedite self-reliance in emerging sectors and technologies, and foster the confidence needed to position India among the world's top three economies.

D. Economic Growth and Future Opportunities

The success of Chandrayaan-3 is primed to trigger a substantial economic upswing. It is projected to reshape the landscape for startups, businesses, and employment opportunities in fields related to aerospace, driving innovation and overall economic progress. This transformational mission is also expected to bolster employment rates, as more students are likely to pursue aerospace education and engage with the burgeoning space-tech ecosystem.

Additionally, the mission is set to amplify the "Make in India" initiative, bolstering domestic companies and invigorating sectors connected to satellite systems, telecommunications, and both software and hardware development.

Initiating this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took to Twitter as an initial measure.

E. A Surge in the Market and Financial Implications

The success of Chandrayaan-3 has reverberated throughout India's financial markets. Almost immediately following the mission's success, shares of 13 space-sector companies, including PTC Industries Ltd, Zen Technologies Ltd, and Centum Electronics Ltd, experienced a rally, collectively adding over $2.5 billion in market value. This surge has been mirrored across various industries, with companies like Linde India, Centum Electronics, and Avantel witnessing substantial increases in share prices.

Companies that played pivotal roles in Chandrayaan-3, such as the aerospace divisions of Larsen & Toubro (L&T), Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), and Godrej Companies, have also observed an upward trend in their stock prices.

In essence, the successful mission of Chandrayaan-3 marks a pivotal juncture for India's economy. Beyond the evident national pride, this achievement has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, elevate investor confidence, and drive economic growth, ultimately contributing to India's ascent on the global economic stage.

As a positive aspect of the scenario, our Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced that August 23 will be designated as "National Space Day" each year. This stands as a moment of immense pride.

CONCLUSION

As I reflect on these remarkable achievements of Chandrayaan 3, I am filled with a deep sense of pride and joy to be an Indian. To witness our nation's flag unfurling on the moon's surface in this modern era is undeniably one of our proudest moments. The LIBS instrument's dance with light and elements, revealing the moon's hidden composition, and ChaSTE's gentle probing into lunar temperatures, all orchestrated by Indian minds and hands, showcase the heights of our scientific prowess. This journey isn't just about science; it's a testament to the spirit of exploration that knows no bounds. It's about pushing the frontiers of knowledge and embarking on adventures that spark wonder and curiosity. The intricate work at the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)/ISRO is a testament to the dedication and brilliance of our scientists, engineers, and visionaries. As the Indian flag flutters on the moon's surface, it's a symbol of our country's indomitable spirit and the belief that dreams can be turned into reality through determination and hard work. The achievements of Chandrayaan 3 remind us that we are part of a legacy of exploration and discovery that stretches beyond our planet, and it's a legacy we can share with the world.

In this moment, I stand with a heart full of pride, knowing that as Indians, we are contributing to the greater tapestry of human knowledge and exploration. With every new revelation, every probe beneath the surface, and every burst of light deciphering elements, we march forward, carrying our nation's flag and the aspirations of millions, boldly leaving our mark on the pages of cosmic history.

Finally, India's tryst with the Moon has become a reality, a wondrous marvel that has left the world awestruck. As Chandrayaan-3 marks its lunar journey, the boundless majesty of India shines brilliantly on the lunar surface. Truly, the sky is not the limit, for India's dreams have touched the Moon and beyond. Jai Hind!

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References:

• https://www.isro.gov.in/
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
• https://www.indiatimes.com/
• https://www.bqprime.com/
• https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/
• https://www.news9live.com/
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
• https://www.hindustantimes.com/
• https://www.firstpost.com/
• https://www.space.com/
• https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/
• https://www.nasa.gov/